I am not quite sure what you are asking.
If you want to change rounded terminal's polarity always:
\draw (0,0) to [battery=\SI{9}{V}] (3,0)
to [pC,v^>=$v_C$] (6,0); %<--- change v= to v^>=
But if you want to change the polarity, then reverse the co-ordinates like this:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[american voltages,siunitx]{circuitikz}
\begin{document}
\begin{circuitikz}
\draw (0,0) to [battery=\SI{9}{V}] (3,0) ;
\draw (6,0) to [pC, v=$v_C$] (3,0) ; % <-----------co-ordinates reversed here
\end{circuitikz}
\end{document}
Problem 1: Positioning Labels
This can be solved quite easily since circuitikz
defines also l^
and l_
to locate the labels. In this case l_
is the option needed.
Problem 2: Scaling components
The options scale
and transform shape
are always a way since circuitikz
exploits TikZ, but there are also specific keys to change size of the components; you find some examples in the documentation 6.2 Components size.
To get thicker lines, one can always use the standard TikZ keys thick
, very thick
and so on or line width
.
Here is an example which more or less answers to all the request (just illustrative: the combination of thick
with that bipoles' length is awful):
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{circuitikz}
\usepackage{siunitx}
\begin{document}
\begin{circuitikz}[scale=0.8, transform shape,thick]
\ctikzset{bipoles/length=0.85cm}
\draw (5,0) --
(5,-2) to[battery, l=$1.5\ V$, i=$\SI{3}{A}$]
(0,-2) --
(0,0) to[resistor, l= $R_2$ ] (5,0);
\draw
(3.5,1.5) to[resistor, l_=$R_3$]
(1.5,1.5)--
(1.5,-1.1) to[resistor, l= $R_1$ ]
(3.5,-1.1) -- (3.5,1.5);
\end{circuitikz}
\end{document}
The result:
For problem 3, unfortunately I can not point a better resource.
Best Answer
There is a section in the manual: https://texdoc.org/serve/circuitikz/0#subsection.5.6
Basically, you have keys to change the 4 types of labels independently (they're not label in plain TikZ sense!):