1) Use
\renewcommand\tablename{Tablica}
This is defined in article.cls (see classes doc).
2) I suggest caption package. This can also answer quesiton 1.
\usepackage{caption}
\captionsetup{tablename=Talica,labelsep=period}
3) article does not provide \chapter :-)
For report and book, you can use some packages, like sectsty(simple) or titlesec(complex) to modify the layout. You'd better read the manual of theses packages.
And if you just want to get rid of the number and "Chapter", you may want to use
\chapter*{Title}
4) Use
\renewcommand\thesection{\arabic{section}.}
and so on. And if you don't want to change the style how sections to be referred, you should also use titlesec package to modify the layout.
Best Answer
AMS offers several dot (ellipsis) styles, use the one matching your intent:
\dotsc: For use between commas, e.ga, b, \dotsc, z\dotsb: To elide binary operators, likea_n z^n + a_{n - 1} z^{n - 1} + \dotsb + a_0\dotsm: Ditto, multiplications, as inn! = n \cdot (n - 1) \dotsm 1There is also a set for use in arrays (matrices).
In general, I've found that the extra work to select the precise alternative instead of hoping LaTeX will Always Do The Right Thing is minimal, and pays off in better results (as said LaTeX selection is based on very limited information).