For some reason, the line numbers are getting pushed waaaay over to the left in twocolumn. Anyway, this sort of works:
\documentclass[twocolumn]{article}
\usepackage{verse}
\begin{document}
\begin{verse}
\poemlines{1}
\setlength{\vrightskip}{-9cm}
\verselinenumbersleft
aaa\\aaa\\aaa\\\newpage{}
aaa\\aaa\\aaa\\
\end{verse}
\end{document}
\vrightskip tells the environment how far over to typeset the line numbers. All I've done is nudge it back onto the page. Some tweaking may be required depending on how far over you want the numbers and so on. -10cm moves the numbers more right, -8cm moves it more to the left.
To shift the numbers but not the caption requires to dig deeper into the listings package.
Instead of the \lst@PlaceNumber command without arguments we define \lst@FormatNumber which takes the number as an argument. This allows us to print also nothing but occupying the same space. We define a new value for the option numbers called LEFT for numbers not in the margin; most of the code is a copy of the original code.
\lst@Key{numbers}{none}{%
\def\lst@FormatNumber##1{\relax}% <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\lstKV@SwitchCases{#1}%
{none&\\%
left&\def\lst@FormatNumber##1{\llap{\normalfont % <<<<<<<<<<<<<
\lst@numberstyle{##1}\kern\lst@numbersep}}\\%
right&\def\lst@FormatNumber##1{\rlap{\normalfont % <<<<<<<<<<<<<
\kern\linewidth \kern\lst@numbersep
\lst@numberstyle{##1}}}\\%
LEFT&\def\lst@FormatNumber##1{\makebox[\lst@LEFTmargin][r]{\normalfont % <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\lst@numberstyle{##1}\kern\lst@numbersep}}% <<<<<<<<<<
}{\PackageError{Listings}{Numbers #1 unknown}\@ehc}}
Moreover, we have to extend the printing of the number by an else branch such that an 'empty' number is printed in unnumbered lines.
\gdef\lst@SkipOrPrintLabel{%
\ifnum\lst@skipnumbers=\z@
\global\advance\lst@skipnumbers-\lst@stepnumber\relax
\lst@FormatNumber{\thelstnumber}% <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\lst@numberfirstlinefalse
\else
\lst@ifnumberfirstline
\lst@FormatNumber{\thelstnumber}% <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\lst@numberfirstlinefalse
\else % <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\lst@FormatNumber{}% <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\fi
\fi
\global\advance\lst@skipnumbers\@ne
}
Finally, to control the width reserved for the number, we introduce a new key LEFTmargin with default value 2em.
\lst@Key{LEFTmargin}{2em}{\def\lst@LEFTmargin{#1}}
If these definitions are included in the preamble instead of in a file loaded by \usepackage, they have to be enclosed by \makeatletter and \makeatother.
Here is the sample code from the original posting.
\documentclass[english,conference]{IEEEtran}
\usepackage{lmodern}
\usepackage{listings}
\lstset{captionpos=b}
\lstset{basicstyle=\small\ttfamily}
\lstset{showstringspaces=false, columns=flexible, keepspaces=true}
\lstset{tabsize=2, gobble=2}
\lstset{numbers=left, numberstyle=\tiny, numbersep=5pt,
numberfirstline=true, firstnumber=1, stepnumber=5}
\usepackage{blindtext}
\makeatletter
\lst@Key{numbers}{none}{%
\def\lst@FormatNumber##1{\relax}%
\lstKV@SwitchCases{#1}%
{none&\\%
left&\def\lst@FormatNumber##1{\llap{\normalfont
\lst@numberstyle{##1}\kern\lst@numbersep}}\\%
right&\def\lst@FormatNumber##1{\rlap{\normalfont
\kern\linewidth \kern\lst@numbersep
\lst@numberstyle{##1}}}\\%
LEFT&\def\lst@FormatNumber##1{\makebox[\lst@LEFTmargin][r]{\normalfont
\lst@numberstyle{##1}\kern\lst@numbersep}}%
}{\PackageError{Listings}{Numbers #1 unknown}\@ehc}}
\gdef\lst@SkipOrPrintLabel{%
\ifnum\lst@skipnumbers=\z@
\global\advance\lst@skipnumbers-\lst@stepnumber\relax
\lst@FormatNumber{\thelstnumber}%
\lst@numberfirstlinefalse
\else
\lst@ifnumberfirstline
\lst@FormatNumber{\thelstnumber}%
\lst@numberfirstlinefalse
\else
\lst@FormatNumber{}%
\fi
\fi
\global\advance\lst@skipnumbers\@ne
}
\lst@Key{LEFTmargin}{2em}{\def\lst@LEFTmargin{#1}}
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\title{The Title}
\author{author}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
\blindtext
\end{abstract}
\blindtext[4]
\begin{figure}
\centering
mah figure
\caption{This is a very long caption, it is so long that it spans two lines.}
\label{myfig}
\end{figure}
\begin{lstlisting}[numbers=LEFT,LEFTmargin=1.2em,numbersep=2pt,float,caption={This is a very long caption, it is so long that it spans two lines.},label=mylisting]
teh c0dez
teh c0dez
teh c0dez
teh c0dez
teh c0dez
teh c0dez
teh c0dez
teh c0dez
teh c0dez
teh c0dez
\end{lstlisting}
\end{document}
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