Fullwidth figure and table layout on even page in tufte-book documentclass

floatstablestufte-book

Following layout problems with my document coming from a Tufte-book documentclass, I took into account the new code presented in the following link, which presents the old and the new code:layout problem with \full{\printindex} in Tufte documentclass

There were two remaining issues one of which is resolved (see: Part title page layout in a tufte document class). The problem concerns the positioning of tables and figures in "full width" mode on even pages, even if I use the specific environment {table *} or {figure *} of the Tufte-book documentclass. They are positioned relative to the left margin of the main text, as follow:

Initial problem

To correct the problem I am using the largetable environment as presented in the following MWE (by inserting the new code in the preamble as described in the first answer below):

\begin{largetable}
  \selectlanguage{french}
  \footnotesize%
  \begin{center}
    \begin{tabular}{llll}
      \toprule
      \ Fugue BWV 532a & & Fugue BWV 532 & \\
      
      \midrule
      mes. 1-27  & A  & mes. 1-27 & Identiques  \\
      mes. 28-29 &    & mes. 28-29 & Contenus différents\\
      mes. 30-52 &    & mes. 30-52 & Identiques  \\
      mes. 52-58 & B  & mes. 52-58 & Entrée de pédale répartie entre les pieds et les mains\\
       & & & dans la version BWV 532a \\
      mes. 59-61 &    & mes. 59-64 & \'{E}pisode différent\\
      mes. 62-71 &    & mes. 65-76 & Identiques, mais entrée plus courte dans la version BWV 532a\\
      mes. 71-73 &    & - & \'{E}pisode dans la version BWV 532a\\
      - &  & mes. 76-96 & Dans la version BWV 532, plusieurs épisodes et (courtes) entrées\\
       & & & en \textit{do} $\sharp$ mineur/\textit{mi} majeur\\
       mes. 74-98 & C & mes. 96-137 & Mêmes entrées mais épisodes plus longs dans la version BWV 532\\
      \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}
  \end{center}
  \caption{Différences entre les fugues BWV 532 et BWV 532a relevées par Peter Williams (1980)\index{Williams, Peter}.}
  \label{tab:fugue532a}
%  \forceversofloat% forces caption to be set to the left of the float
\end{largetable}

For this table, I obtain the following result. This is almost the expected result, as I want to keep the caption in the outer margin:

Table_2_error

But if I apply the same largetable environment to an another table as follow, I get a completely different result since the table shifts to the next even page and is completely shifted in the outer margin (see the picture of the result below). Where is the error?

\begin{largetable}
  \selectlanguage{french}
  \footnotesize%
  \begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{llll}
  \toprule
  \ & Manuels & Pédale & Compatibilité avec \\ & & & l'\oe uvre BWV 532\\
  
  \midrule
  Arnstadt  &   &    \\
  \quad Neue Kirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-c$^1$d$^1$ & Non\\
  Mühlausen &   &   \\
  \quad Marienkirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-d$^1$ & Oui \\
  \quad Kirche Davi Blasii & CD-d$^3$   & CD-d$^1$ & Oui  \\
  \quad Brückenhofkirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-c$^1$ & Non \\
          &  &  \\
  Weimar  &  &  &  \\
  \quad Schlosskirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-e$^1$ & Oui \\
  \quad Jacobskirche & ?   & ? & ? \\
  \quad Stadtkirche & ?   & ? & ? \\
          &  &  \\
  Halle        &  &  &  \\
  \quad Marktkirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-c$^1$ & Non \\
                &  &  \\
   C\oe then  &  &  &  \\
  \quad Jacobskirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-c$^1$ ou CD-d$^1$ & ? \\
  \quad Agnuskirche & C-?   & C-d$^1$e$^1$f$^1$ & ? \\
  \quad Schlosskapelle & C-e$^3$   & C-e$^1$ & Oui \\
               &  &  \\
   Hambourg &  &  &  \\
  \quad Hauptkirche St Katharinen & CDEFGA-c$^3$   & CDE-d$^1$ & Oui \\
  \quad Hauptkirche St Jacobi & CDE-C$^3$ (Rückpositif)   & C-d$^1$e$^1$f$^1$ & Oui \\
   & CDEFGA-c$^3$ (Werk)   &  &  \\
    & CDEFGA-c$^3$ (Oberpositiv) &  &  \\
    & CDEFGA-c$^3$ (Brustpositiv) &  &  \\
  \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
  \end{center}
  \caption{Tessiture des Manuels et Pédale des orgues joués par J.S. Bach entre 1703 et 1723, comparés à l'ambitus de l'\oe uvre (Manuels : D-b$^2$ ; Pédale : D-d$^1$).}
   \label{tab:orgues}
  \forceversofloat% forces caption to be set to the left of the float
\end{largetable}

Table_layout_problem

Thank you for your suggestions to solve the problem.

Best Answer

  1. The fullwidth environment starts a new page. It's fine for parts or chapters, but not for a short table.

  2. tufte-book puts the captions on the outer margin.

Here are two additions to your code: a new largetable environment for tables larger than the width of the text, and a new command \captionatbottom to work with largetable for the typesetting of the caption below the table.

It was tested on odd and even pages.

UPDATE (long captions)

Using largetable with normal width.

b

% !TeX TS-program = xelatex     

\documentclass[a4paper,nobib,twoside,symmetric,justified,marginals=raggedouter, notoc]{tufte-book}

\makeatletter
\newlength{\oddshift}
\newcommand{\captionatbottom}{% from https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/229419/161015
    \long\def\@caption##1[##2]##3{%
    \par
    \addcontentsline{\csname ext@##1\endcsname}{##1}%
    {\protect\numberline{\csname the##1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces ##2}}%
    \begingroup
    \@parboxrestore%
    \if@minipage\@setminipage\fi%
    \normalsize
    \@makecaption{\csname fnum@##1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces ##3}\par
    \endgroup}
\long\def\@makecaption##1##2{%
\vskip\abovecaptionskip%
\@tufte@checkoddpage%
\ifthenelse{\boolean{@tufte@odd@page}}%
{\rlap{\parbox{\textwidth+\marginparwidth+\marginparsep}{\hskip0pt\@tufte@caption@font##1: ##2}}}%
{\setlength{\oddshift}{-\marginparwidth-\marginparsep}\rlap{\hskip\oddshift\parbox{\textwidth+\marginparwidth+\marginparsep}{\@tufte@caption@font##1: ##2}}}%
\vskip\belowcaptionskip%
}   
    \let\caption\@tufte@orig@caption%
    \let\label\@tufte@orig@label}
    
    \newenvironment{largetable}{%
        \@tufte@checkoddpage%
        \ifthenelse{\boolean{@tufte@odd@page}}%
        {\begin{table}[!htbp]\begin{adjustwidth}{}{}\captionatbottom}%
        {\begin{table}[!htbp]\begin{adjustwidth}{-\marginparwidth-\marginparsep}{}\captionatbottom}}        
        {\end{adjustwidth}\end{table}}          
\makeatother

\usepackage{booktabs}

\geometry{% normal pages 
    paperheight  =297mm, paperwidth  = 210mm,  %layout=a4paper
    layoutheight =240mm,layoutwidth  =170mm,
    textheight=38\baselineskip,
    headheight=\baselineskip,
    left=15mm, % right will be the same because of symmetric
    bindingoffset= 5mm, % add space for binding
    textwidth=90mm,
    top=14mm,
    marginparsep=6mm,   marginparwidth=40mm,
    includehead,
    layoutvoffset= 28.5mm,layouthoffset= 20mm,  % 297-240 = 57mm   210-170 = 40mm ->> to center smaller layout in a4
    showframe=true,
    showcrop=true }

\renewenvironment{fullwidth}
{\newgeometry{% full width pages
        layoutheight =240mm,layoutwidth  =170mm,
        textheight=38\baselineskip,
        headheight=\baselineskip,
        left=15mm, % right will be the same because of symmetric
        bindingoffset= 5mm, % add space for binding 
        textwidth=136mm, % 90+ 6+ 40
        top=14mm,
        marginparsep=0mm,   marginparwidth=0mm, %changed to full width <<<<<<<<<<
        includehead,
        layoutvoffset= 28.5mm,layouthoffset= 20mm,  % 297-240 = 57mm   210-170 = 40mm ->> to center smaller layout in a4
        showframe=true,
        showcrop=true }
    \fancyhfoffset[LE]{0pt}
    \fancyhfoffset[RO]{0pt}
}   
{\restoregeometry}%

\usepackage{kantlipsum} % dummy text added
\RequirePackage{showframe} % margin lines <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\renewcommand\ShowFrameLinethickness{0.1pt}
\renewcommand\ShowFrameColor{\color{red}}

\newcommand{\textls}[2][5]{%
    \begingroup\addfontfeatures{LetterSpace=#1}#2\endgroup
}

\renewcommand{\allcapsspacing}[1]{\textls[15]{#1}}
\renewcommand{\smallcapsspacing}[1]{\textls[10]{#1}}
\renewcommand{\allcaps}[1]{\textls[15]{\MakeTextUppercase{#1}}}
\renewcommand{\smallcaps}[1] {\smallcapsspacing{\scshape\MakeTextLowercase{#1}}}
\renewcommand{\textsc}[1]{\smallcapsspacing{\textsmallcaps{#1}}}

\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{libertine} %<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\setsansfont{TeX Gyre Heros}[Scale=MatchUppercase]  

\usepackage{xspace}
\newcommand{\monthyear}{%
    \ifcase\month\or janvier\or f\'{e}vrier\or mars\or avril\or mai\or juin\or
    juillet\or ao\^{u}t\or septembre\or octobre\or novembre\or
    d\'{e}cembre\fi\space\number\year
}

\newcommand{\blankpage}{\newpage\hbox{}\thispagestyle{empty}\newpage}

\usepackage[english,french]{babel}
\frenchbsetup{StandardLayout=true}
\addto\captionsfrench{\def\tablename{Tableau}}
\addto\captionsfrench{\def\figurename{Figure}}

\frenchbsetup{IndentFirst=false}

\usepackage{csquotes}

\begin{document}
    \frenchspacing

    \mainmatter
    
    \part{First Part of the book}
    
    \chapter{Introduction}  
    
    \begin{largetable}
    \centering
    \selectlanguage{french}
    \footnotesize%  
        \begin{tabular}{llll}
            \toprule
            Fugue BWV 532a & & Fugue BWV 532 & \\           
            \midrule
            mes. 1-27  & A  & mes. 1-27 & Identiques  \\
            mes. 28-29 &    & mes. 28-29 & Contenus différents\\
            mes. 30-52 &    & mes. 30-52 & Identiques  \\
            mes. 52-58 & B  & mes. 52-58 & Entrée de pédale répartie entre les pieds et les mains\\
            & & & dans la version BWV 532a \\
            mes. 59-61 &    & mes. 59-64 & \'{E}pisode différent\\
            mes. 62-71 &    & mes. 65-76 & Identiques, mais entrée plus courte dans la version BWV 532a\\
            mes. 71-73 &    & - & \'{E}pisode dans la version BWV 532a\\
            - &  & mes. 76-96 & Dans la version BWV 532, plusieurs épisodes et (courtes) entrées\\
            & & & en \textit{do} $\sharp$ mineur/\textit{mi} majeur\\
            mes. 74-98 & C & mes. 96-137 & Mêmes entrées mais épisodes plus longs dans la version BWV 532\\
            \bottomrule
        \end{tabular}           
    \caption{Différences entre les fugues BWV 532 et BWV 532a relevées par Peter Williams (1980). Différences entre  les fugues BWV 532 et BWV 532a relevées par Peter Williams (1980).}
    \label{tab:fugue532am}
    \end{largetable}

11. \kant[11-12]

    \begin{largetable}
    \centering
    \selectlanguage{french}
    \footnotesize%  
    \begin{tabular}{llll}
        \toprule
        Fugue BWV 532a & & Fugue BWV 532 & \\           
        \midrule
        mes. 1-27  & A  & mes. 1-27 & Identiques  \\
        mes. 28-29 &    & mes. 28-29 & Contenus différents\\
        mes. 30-52 &    & mes. 30-52 & Identiques  \\
        mes. 52-58 & B  & mes. 52-58 & Entrée de pédale répartie entre les pieds et les mains\\
        & & & dans la version BWV 532a \\
        mes. 59-61 &    & mes. 59-64 & \'{E}pisode différent\\
        mes. 62-71 &    & mes. 65-76 & Identiques, mais entrée plus courte dans la version BWV 532a\\
        mes. 71-73 &    & - & \'{E}pisode dans la version BWV 532a\\
        - &  & mes. 76-96 & Dans la version BWV 532, plusieurs épisodes et (courtes) entrées\\
        & & & en \textit{do} $\sharp$ mineur/\textit{mi} majeur\\
        mes. 74-98 & C & mes. 96-137 & Mêmes entrées mais épisodes plus longs dans la version BWV 532\\
        \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}           
    \caption{Différences entre les fugues BWV 532 et BWV 532a relevées par Peter Williams (1980). Différences entre les fugues BWV 532 et BWV 532a relevées par Peter Williams (1980).}
    \label{tab:fugue532an}
    \end{largetable}

\end{document}

Test of largetable inside fullwidth

c

% !TeX TS-program = xelatex     

\documentclass[a4paper,nobib,twoside,symmetric,justified,marginals=raggedouter, notoc]{tufte-book}

\makeatletter
\newlength{\oddshift}
\newcommand{\captionatbottom}{% from https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/229419/161015
    \long\def\@caption##1[##2]##3{%
    \par
    \addcontentsline{\csname ext@##1\endcsname}{##1}%
    {\protect\numberline{\csname the##1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces ##2}}%
    \begingroup
    \@parboxrestore%
    \if@minipage\@setminipage\fi%
    \normalsize
    \@makecaption{\csname fnum@##1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces ##3}\par
    \endgroup}
\long\def\@makecaption##1##2{%
\vskip\abovecaptionskip%
\@tufte@checkoddpage%
\ifthenelse{\boolean{@tufte@odd@page}}%
{\rlap{\parbox{\textwidth+\marginparwidth+\marginparsep}{\hskip0pt\@tufte@caption@font##1: ##2}}}%
{\setlength{\oddshift}{-\marginparwidth-\marginparsep}\rlap{\hskip\oddshift\parbox{\textwidth+\marginparwidth+\marginparsep}{\@tufte@caption@font##1: ##2}}}%
\vskip\belowcaptionskip%
}   
    \let\caption\@tufte@orig@caption%
    \let\label\@tufte@orig@label}
    
    \newenvironment{largetable}{%
        \@tufte@checkoddpage%
        \ifthenelse{\boolean{@tufte@odd@page}}%
        {\begin{table}[!htbp]\begin{adjustwidth}{}{}\captionatbottom}%
        {\begin{table}[!htbp]\begin{adjustwidth}{-\marginparwidth-\marginparsep}{}\captionatbottom}}        
        {\end{adjustwidth}\end{table}}          
\makeatother

\usepackage{booktabs}

\geometry{% normal pages 
    paperheight  =297mm, paperwidth  = 210mm,  %layout=a4paper
    layoutheight =240mm,layoutwidth  =170mm,
    textheight=38\baselineskip,
    headheight=\baselineskip,
    left=15mm, % right will be the same because of symmetric
    bindingoffset= 5mm, % add space for binding
    textwidth=90mm,
    top=14mm,
    marginparsep=6mm,   marginparwidth=40mm,
    includehead,
    layoutvoffset= 28.5mm,layouthoffset= 20mm,  % 297-240 = 57mm   210-170 = 40mm ->> to center smaller layout in a4
    showframe=true,
    showcrop=true }

\renewenvironment{fullwidth}
{\newgeometry{% full width pages
        layoutheight =240mm,layoutwidth  =170mm,
        textheight=38\baselineskip,
        headheight=\baselineskip,
        left=15mm, % right will be the same because of symmetric
        bindingoffset= 5mm, % add space for binding 
        textwidth=136mm, % 90+ 6+ 40
        top=14mm,
        marginparsep=0mm,   marginparwidth=0mm, %changed to full width <<<<<<<<<<
        includehead,
        layoutvoffset= 28.5mm,layouthoffset= 20mm,  % 297-240 = 57mm   210-170 = 40mm ->> to center smaller layout in a4
        showframe=true,
        showcrop=true }
    \fancyhfoffset[LE]{0pt}
    \fancyhfoffset[RO]{0pt}
}   
{\restoregeometry}%

\usepackage{kantlipsum} % dummy text added
\RequirePackage{showframe} % margin lines <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\renewcommand\ShowFrameLinethickness{0.1pt}
\renewcommand\ShowFrameColor{\color{red}}

\newcommand{\textls}[2][5]{%
    \begingroup\addfontfeatures{LetterSpace=#1}#2\endgroup
}

\renewcommand{\allcapsspacing}[1]{\textls[15]{#1}}
\renewcommand{\smallcapsspacing}[1]{\textls[10]{#1}}
\renewcommand{\allcaps}[1]{\textls[15]{\MakeTextUppercase{#1}}}
\renewcommand{\smallcaps}[1] {\smallcapsspacing{\scshape\MakeTextLowercase{#1}}}
\renewcommand{\textsc}[1]{\smallcapsspacing{\textsmallcaps{#1}}}

\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{libertine} %<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\setsansfont{TeX Gyre Heros}[Scale=MatchUppercase]  

\usepackage{xspace}
\newcommand{\monthyear}{%
    \ifcase\month\or janvier\or f\'{e}vrier\or mars\or avril\or mai\or juin\or
    juillet\or ao\^{u}t\or septembre\or octobre\or novembre\or
    d\'{e}cembre\fi\space\number\year
}

\newcommand{\blankpage}{\newpage\hbox{}\thispagestyle{empty}\newpage}

\usepackage[english,french]{babel}
\frenchbsetup{StandardLayout=true}
\addto\captionsfrench{\def\tablename{Tableau}}
\addto\captionsfrench{\def\figurename{Figure}}

\frenchbsetup{IndentFirst=false}

\usepackage{csquotes}

\begin{document}
    \frenchspacing

    \mainmatter
    
    \part{First Part of the book}
    
    \begin{fullwidth}
            
    \chapter{Introduction}  
    
1.  \kant[1]
    
    \begin{largetable}
    \centering
    \selectlanguage{french}
    \footnotesize%  
        \begin{tabular}{llll}
            \toprule
            Fugue BWV 532a & & Fugue BWV 532 & \\           
            \midrule
            mes. 1-27  & A  & mes. 1-27 & Identiques  \\
            mes. 28-29 &    & mes. 28-29 & Contenus différents\\
            mes. 30-52 &    & mes. 30-52 & Identiques  \\
            mes. 52-58 & B  & mes. 52-58 & Entrée de pédale répartie entre les pieds et les mains\\
            & & & dans la version BWV 532a \\
            mes. 59-61 &    & mes. 59-64 & \'{E}pisode différent\\
            mes. 62-71 &    & mes. 65-76 & Identiques, mais entrée plus courte dans la version BWV 532a\\
            mes. 71-73 &    & - & \'{E}pisode dans la version BWV 532a\\
            - &  & mes. 76-96 & Dans la version BWV 532, plusieurs épisodes et (courtes) entrées\\
            & & & en \textit{do} $\sharp$ mineur/\textit{mi} majeur\\
            mes. 74-98 & C & mes. 96-137 & Mêmes entrées mais épisodes plus longs dans la version BWV 532\\
            \bottomrule
        \end{tabular}           
    \caption{Différences entre les fugues BWV 532 et BWV 532a relevées par Peter Williams (1980). Différences entre  les fugues BWV 532 et BWV 532a relevées par Peter Williams (1980).}
    \label{tab:fugue532am}
    \end{largetable}

11. \kant[11-12]

    \begin{largetable}
    \centering
    \selectlanguage{french}
    \footnotesize%  
    \begin{tabular}{llll}
        \toprule
        Fugue BWV 532a & & Fugue BWV 532 & \\           
        \midrule
        mes. 1-27  & A  & mes. 1-27 & Identiques  \\
        mes. 28-29 &    & mes. 28-29 & Contenus différents\\
        mes. 30-52 &    & mes. 30-52 & Identiques  \\
        mes. 52-58 & B  & mes. 52-58 & Entrée de pédale répartie entre les pieds et les mains\\
        & & & dans la version BWV 532a \\
        mes. 59-61 &    & mes. 59-64 & \'{E}pisode différent\\
        mes. 62-71 &    & mes. 65-76 & Identiques, mais entrée plus courte dans la version BWV 532a\\
        mes. 71-73 &    & - & \'{E}pisode dans la version BWV 532a\\
        - &  & mes. 76-96 & Dans la version BWV 532, plusieurs épisodes et (courtes) entrées\\
        & & & en \textit{do} $\sharp$ mineur/\textit{mi} majeur\\
        mes. 74-98 & C & mes. 96-137 & Mêmes entrées mais épisodes plus longs dans la version BWV 532\\
        \bottomrule
    \end{tabular}           
    \caption{Différences entre les fugues BWV 532 et BWV 532a relevées par Peter Williams (1980). Différences entre les fugues BWV 532 et BWV 532a relevées par Peter Williams (1980).}
    \label{tab:fugue532an}
    \end{largetable}

\end{fullwidth}

\end{document}

UPDATE II (long captions)

Using largetable with normal width and the new posted table

ag2

% !TeX TS-program = xelatex     

\documentclass[a4paper,nobib,twoside,symmetric,justified,marginals=raggedouter, notoc]{tufte-book}

\makeatletter
\newlength{\oddshift}
\newcommand{\captionatbottom}{% from https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/229419/161015
    \long\def\@caption##1[##2]##3{%
    \par
    \addcontentsline{\csname ext@##1\endcsname}{##1}%
    {\protect\numberline{\csname the##1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces ##2}}%
    \begingroup
    \@parboxrestore%
    \if@minipage\@setminipage\fi%
    \normalsize
    \@makecaption{\csname fnum@##1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces ##3}\par
    \endgroup}
  \long\def\@makecaption##1##2{%
    \vskip\abovecaptionskip%
    \@tufte@checkoddpage%
    \ifthenelse{\boolean{@tufte@odd@page}}%
    {\rlap{\parbox{\textwidth+\marginparwidth+\marginparsep}{\hskip0pt\@tufte@caption@font##1: ##2}}}%
    {\setlength{\oddshift}{-\marginparwidth-\marginparsep}\rlap{\hskip\oddshift\parbox{\textwidth+\marginparwidth+\marginparsep}{\@tufte@caption@font##1: ##2}}}%
    \vskip\belowcaptionskip%
}%
\let\caption\@tufte@orig@caption%
\let\label\@tufte@orig@label}
    
    \newenvironment{largetable}{%
        \@tufte@checkoddpage%
        \ifthenelse{\boolean{@tufte@odd@page}}%
        {\begin{table}[!htbp]\begin{adjustwidth}{}{}\captionatbottom}%
        {\begin{table}[!htbp]\begin{adjustwidth}{-\marginparwidth-\marginparsep}{}\captionatbottom}}        
        {\end{adjustwidth}\end{table}}          
\makeatother

\usepackage{booktabs}

\geometry{% normal pages 
    paperheight  =297mm, paperwidth  = 210mm,  %layout=a4paper
    layoutheight =240mm,layoutwidth  =170mm,
    textheight=38\baselineskip,
    headheight=\baselineskip,
    left=15mm, % right will be the same because of symmetric
    bindingoffset= 5mm, % add space for binding
    textwidth=90mm,
    top=14mm,
    marginparsep=6mm,   marginparwidth=40mm,
    includehead,
    layoutvoffset= 28.5mm,layouthoffset= 20mm,  % 297-240 = 57mm   210-170 = 40mm ->> to center smaller layout in a4
    showframe=true,
    showcrop=true }

\renewenvironment{fullwidth}
{\newgeometry{% full width pages
        layoutheight =240mm,layoutwidth  =170mm,
        textheight=38\baselineskip,
        headheight=\baselineskip,
        left=15mm, % right will be the same because of symmetric
        bindingoffset= 5mm, % add space for binding 
        textwidth=136mm, % 90+ 6+ 40
        top=14mm,
        marginparsep=0mm,   marginparwidth=0mm, %changed to full width <<<<<<<<<<
        includehead,
        layoutvoffset= 28.5mm,layouthoffset= 20mm,  % 297-240 = 57mm   210-170 = 40mm ->> to center smaller layout in a4
        showframe=true,
        showcrop=true }
    \fancyhfoffset[LE]{0pt}
    \fancyhfoffset[RO]{0pt}
}   
{\restoregeometry}%

\usepackage{kantlipsum} % dummy text added
\RequirePackage{showframe} % margin lines <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\renewcommand\ShowFrameLinethickness{0.1pt}
\renewcommand\ShowFrameColor{\color{red}}

\newcommand{\textls}[2][5]{%
    \begingroup\addfontfeatures{LetterSpace=#1}#2\endgroup
}

\renewcommand{\allcapsspacing}[1]{\textls[15]{#1}}
\renewcommand{\smallcapsspacing}[1]{\textls[10]{#1}}
\renewcommand{\allcaps}[1]{\textls[15]{\MakeTextUppercase{#1}}}
\renewcommand{\smallcaps}[1] {\smallcapsspacing{\scshape\MakeTextLowercase{#1}}}
\renewcommand{\textsc}[1]{\smallcapsspacing{\textsmallcaps{#1}}}

\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{libertine} %<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\setsansfont{TeX Gyre Heros}[Scale=MatchUppercase]  

\usepackage{xspace}
\newcommand{\monthyear}{%
    \ifcase\month\or janvier\or f\'{e}vrier\or mars\or avril\or mai\or juin\or
    juillet\or ao\^{u}t\or septembre\or octobre\or novembre\or
    d\'{e}cembre\fi\space\number\year
}

\newcommand{\blankpage}{\newpage\hbox{}\thispagestyle{empty}\newpage}

\usepackage[english,french]{babel}
\frenchbsetup{StandardLayout=true}
\addto\captionsfrench{\def\tablename{Tableau}}
\addto\captionsfrench{\def\figurename{Figure}}

\frenchbsetup{IndentFirst=false}

\usepackage{csquotes}

\begin{document}
    \frenchspacing

    \mainmatter
    
    \kant[9]
    
\begin{largetable}
    \selectlanguage{french}
    \footnotesize%
    \begin{center}
        \begin{tabular}{llll}
            \toprule
            \ & Manuels & Pédale & Compatibilité avec \\ & & & l'\oe uvre BWV 532\\
            
            \midrule
            Arnstadt  &   &    \\
            \quad Neue Kirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-c$^1$d$^1$ & Non\\
            Mühlausen &   &   \\
            \quad Marienkirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-d$^1$ & Oui \\
            \quad Kirche Davi Blasii & CD-d$^3$   & CD-d$^1$ & Oui  \\
            \quad Brückenhofkirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-c$^1$ & Non \\
            &  &  \\
            Weimar  &  &  &  \\
            \quad Schlosskirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-e$^1$ & Oui \\
            \quad Jacobskirche & ?   & ? & ? \\
            \quad Stadtkirche & ?   & ? & ? \\
            &  &  \\
            Halle        &  &  &  \\
            \quad Marktkirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-c$^1$ & Non \\
            &  &  \\
            C\oe then  &  &  &  \\
            \quad Jacobskirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-c$^1$ ou CD-d$^1$ & ? \\
            \quad Agnuskirche & C-?   & C-d$^1$e$^1$f$^1$ & ? \\
            \quad Schlosskapelle & C-e$^3$   & C-e$^1$ & Oui \\
            &  &  \\
            Hambourg &  &  &  \\
            \quad Hauptkirche St Katharinen & CDEFGA-c$^3$   & CDE-d$^1$ & Oui \\
            \quad Hauptkirche St Jacobi & CDE-C$^3$ (Rückpositif)   & C-d$^1$e$^1$f$^1$ & Oui \\
            & CDEFGA-c$^3$ (Werk)   &  &  \\
            & CDEFGA-c$^3$ (Oberpositiv) &  &  \\
            & CDEFGA-c$^3$ (Brustpositiv) &  &  \\
            \bottomrule
        \end{tabular}
    \end{center}
    \caption{Tessiture des Manuels et Pédale des orgues joués par J.S. Bach entre 1703 et 1723, comparés à l'ambitus de l'\oe uvre (Manuels : D-b$^2$ ; Pédale : D-d$^1$).}
    \label{tab:orgues}
%%  \forceversofloat% forces caption to be set to the left of the float
\end{largetable}
    
11. \kant[11]

    \begin{largetable}
        \selectlanguage{french}
        \footnotesize%
        \begin{center}
            \begin{tabular}{llll}
                \toprule
                \ & Manuels & Pédale & Compatibilité avec \\ & & & l'\oe uvre BWV 532\\
                
                \midrule
                Arnstadt  &   &    \\
                \quad Neue Kirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-c$^1$d$^1$ & Non\\
                Mühlausen &   &   \\
                \quad Marienkirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-d$^1$ & Oui \\
                \quad Kirche Davi Blasii & CD-d$^3$   & CD-d$^1$ & Oui  \\
                \quad Brückenhofkirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-c$^1$ & Non \\
                &  &  \\
                Weimar  &  &  &  \\
                \quad Schlosskirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-e$^1$ & Oui \\
                \quad Jacobskirche & ?   & ? & ? \\
                \quad Stadtkirche & ?   & ? & ? \\
                &  &  \\
                Halle        &  &  &  \\
                \quad Marktkirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-c$^1$ & Non \\
                &  &  \\
                C\oe then  &  &  &  \\
                \quad Jacobskirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-c$^1$ ou CD-d$^1$ & ? \\
                \quad Agnuskirche & C-?   & C-d$^1$e$^1$f$^1$ & ? \\
                \quad Schlosskapelle & C-e$^3$   & C-e$^1$ & Oui \\
                &  &  \\
                Hambourg &  &  &  \\
                \quad Hauptkirche St Katharinen & CDEFGA-c$^3$   & CDE-d$^1$ & Oui \\
                \quad Hauptkirche St Jacobi & CDE-C$^3$ (Rückpositif)   & C-d$^1$e$^1$f$^1$ & Oui \\
                & CDEFGA-c$^3$ (Werk)   &  &  \\
                & CDEFGA-c$^3$ (Oberpositiv) &  &  \\
                & CDEFGA-c$^3$ (Brustpositiv) &  &  \\
                \bottomrule
            \end{tabular}
        \end{center}
        \caption{Tessiture des Manuels et Pédale des orgues joués par J.S. Bach entre 1703 et 1723, comparés à l'ambitus de l'\oe uvre (Manuels : D-b$^2$ ; Pédale : D-d$^1$).}
        \label{tab:orgues}
        %%  \forceversofloat% forces caption to be set to the left of the float
    \end{largetable}
\end{document}

UPDATE III (long captions in the margin)

Using largetable with normal width and the new posted table

Ag3

% !TeX TS-program = xelatex     

\documentclass[a4paper,nobib,twoside,symmetric,justified,marginals=raggedouter, notoc]{tufte-book}

\makeatletter
\newlength{\oddshift}
\newcommand{\captionatbottommargin}{% from https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/229419/161015
    \long\def\@caption##1[##2]##3{%
    \par
    \addcontentsline{\csname ext@##1\endcsname}{##1}%
    {\protect\numberline{\csname the##1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces ##2}}%
    \begingroup
    \@parboxrestore%
    \if@minipage\@setminipage\fi%
    \normalsize
    \@makecaption{\csname fnum@##1\endcsname}{\ignorespaces ##3}\par
    \endgroup}
  \long\def\@makecaption##1##2{%
    \vskip\abovecaptionskip%
    \@tufte@checkoddpage%
    \ifthenelse{\boolean{@tufte@odd@page}}%
    {\setlength{\oddshift}{\textwidth}\rlap{\hskip\oddshift\parbox{\marginparwidth+\marginparsep}{\hskip0pt\@tufte@caption@font##1: ##2}}}%
    {\setlength{\oddshift}{-\marginparwidth-\marginparsep}\rlap{\hskip\oddshift\parbox{\marginparwidth+\marginparsep}{\@tufte@caption@font##1: ##2}}}%
    \vskip\belowcaptionskip%
}%
\let\caption\@tufte@orig@caption%
\let\label\@tufte@orig@label}
    
    \newenvironment{largetable}{%
        \@tufte@checkoddpage%
        \ifthenelse{\boolean{@tufte@odd@page}}%
        {\begin{table}[!htbp]\vspace*{-3ex}\begin{adjustwidth}{}{}\captionatbottommargin}%
        {\begin{table}[!htbp]\vspace*{-3ex}\begin{adjustwidth}{-\marginparwidth-\marginparsep}{\marginparsep}\captionatbottommargin}}       
        {\end{adjustwidth}\end{table}}      

\makeatother

\usepackage{booktabs}

\geometry{% normal pages 
    paperheight  =297mm, paperwidth  = 210mm,  %layout=a4paper
    layoutheight =240mm,layoutwidth  =170mm,
    textheight=38\baselineskip,
    headheight=\baselineskip,
    left=15mm, % right will be the same because of symmetric
    bindingoffset= 5mm, % add space for binding
    textwidth=90mm,
    top=14mm,
    marginparsep=6mm,   marginparwidth=40mm,
    includehead,
    layoutvoffset= 28.5mm,layouthoffset= 20mm,  % 297-240 = 57mm   210-170 = 40mm ->> to center smaller layout in a4
    showframe=true,
    showcrop=true }

\renewenvironment{fullwidth}
{\newgeometry{% full width pages
        layoutheight =240mm,layoutwidth  =170mm,
        textheight=38\baselineskip,
        headheight=\baselineskip,
        left=15mm, % right will be the same because of symmetric
        bindingoffset= 5mm, % add space for binding 
        textwidth=136mm, % 90+ 6+ 40
        top=14mm,
        marginparsep=0mm,   marginparwidth=0mm, %changed to full width <<<<<<<<<<
        includehead,
        layoutvoffset= 28.5mm,layouthoffset= 20mm,  % 297-240 = 57mm   210-170 = 40mm ->> to center smaller layout in a4
        showframe=true,
        showcrop=true }
    \fancyhfoffset[LE]{0pt}
    \fancyhfoffset[RO]{0pt}
}   
{\restoregeometry}%

\usepackage{kantlipsum} % dummy text added
\RequirePackage{showframe} % margin lines <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\renewcommand\ShowFrameLinethickness{0.1pt}
\renewcommand\ShowFrameColor{\color{red}}

\newcommand{\textls}[2][5]{%
    \begingroup\addfontfeatures{LetterSpace=#1}#2\endgroup
}

\renewcommand{\allcapsspacing}[1]{\textls[15]{#1}}
\renewcommand{\smallcapsspacing}[1]{\textls[10]{#1}}
\renewcommand{\allcaps}[1]{\textls[15]{\MakeTextUppercase{#1}}}
\renewcommand{\smallcaps}[1] {\smallcapsspacing{\scshape\MakeTextLowercase{#1}}}
\renewcommand{\textsc}[1]{\smallcapsspacing{\textsmallcaps{#1}}}

\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{libertine} %<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
\setsansfont{TeX Gyre Heros}[Scale=MatchUppercase]  

\usepackage{xspace}
\newcommand{\monthyear}{%
    \ifcase\month\or janvier\or f\'{e}vrier\or mars\or avril\or mai\or juin\or
    juillet\or ao\^{u}t\or septembre\or octobre\or novembre\or
    d\'{e}cembre\fi\space\number\year
}

\newcommand{\blankpage}{\newpage\hbox{}\thispagestyle{empty}\newpage}

\usepackage[english,french]{babel}
\frenchbsetup{StandardLayout=true}
\addto\captionsfrench{\def\tablename{Tableau}}
\addto\captionsfrench{\def\figurename{Figure}}

\frenchbsetup{IndentFirst=false}

\usepackage{csquotes}

\begin{document}
    \frenchspacing

    \mainmatter
    
    9. \kant[9]
    
\begin{largetable}
    \selectlanguage{french}
    \footnotesize%
        \begin{tabular}{llll}
            \toprule
            \ & Manuels & Pédale & Compatibilité avec \\ & & & l'\oe uvre BWV 532\\
            
            \midrule
            Arnstadt  &   &    \\
            \quad Neue Kirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-c$^1$d$^1$ & Non\\
            Mühlausen &   &   \\
            \quad Marienkirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-d$^1$ & Oui \\
            \quad Kirche Davi Blasii & CD-d$^3$   & CD-d$^1$ & Oui  \\
            \quad Brückenhofkirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-c$^1$ & Non \\
            &  &  \\
            Weimar  &  &  &  \\
            \quad Schlosskirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-e$^1$ & Oui \\
            \quad Jacobskirche & ?   & ? & ? \\
            \quad Stadtkirche & ?   & ? & ? \\
            &  &  \\
            Halle        &  &  &  \\
            \quad Marktkirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-c$^1$ & Non \\
            &  &  \\
            C\oe then  &  &  &  \\
            \quad Jacobskirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-c$^1$ ou CD-d$^1$ & ? \\
            \quad Agnuskirche & C-?   & C-d$^1$e$^1$f$^1$ & ? \\
            \quad Schlosskapelle & C-e$^3$   & C-e$^1$ & Oui \\
            &  &  \\
            Hambourg &  &  &  \\
            \quad Hauptkirche St Katharinen & CDEFGA-c$^3$   & CDE-d$^1$ & Oui \\
            \quad Hauptkirche St Jacobi & CDE-C$^3$ (Rückpositif)   & C-d$^1$e$^1$f$^1$ & Oui \\
            & CDEFGA-c$^3$ (Werk)   &  &  \\
            & CDEFGA-c$^3$ (Oberpositiv) &  &  \\
            & CDEFGA-c$^3$ (Brustpositiv) &  &  \\
            \bottomrule
        \end{tabular}
    \caption{Tessiture des Manuels et Pédale des orgues joués par J.S. Bach entre 1703 et 1723, comparés à l'ambitus de l'\oe uvre (Manuels : D-b$^2$ ; Pédale : D-d$^1$).}
    \label{tab:orgues1}
%%  \forceversofloat% forces caption to be set to the left of the float
\end{largetable}
    
11. \kant[11]

    \begin{largetable}
        \selectlanguage{french}
        \footnotesize%
            \begin{tabular}{llll}
                \toprule
                \ & Manuels & Pédale & Compatibilité avec \\ & & & l'\oe uvre BWV 532\\
                
                \midrule
                Arnstadt  &   &    \\
                \quad Neue Kirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-c$^1$d$^1$ & Non\\
                Mühlausen &   &   \\
                \quad Marienkirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-d$^1$ & Oui \\
                \quad Kirche Davi Blasii & CD-d$^3$   & CD-d$^1$ & Oui  \\
                \quad Brückenhofkirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-c$^1$ & Non \\
                &  &  \\
                Weimar  &  &  &  \\
                \quad Schlosskirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-e$^1$ & Oui \\
                \quad Jacobskirche & ?   & ? & ? \\
                \quad Stadtkirche & ?   & ? & ? \\
                &  &  \\
                Halle        &  &  &  \\
                \quad Marktkirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-c$^1$ & Non \\
                &  &  \\
                C\oe then  &  &  &  \\
                \quad Jacobskirche & CD-c$^3$   & CD-c$^1$ ou CD-d$^1$ & ? \\
                \quad Agnuskirche & C-?   & C-d$^1$e$^1$f$^1$ & ? \\
                \quad Schlosskapelle & C-e$^3$   & C-e$^1$ & Oui \\
                &  &  \\
                Hambourg &  &  &  \\
                \quad Hauptkirche St Katharinen & CDEFGA-c$^3$   & CDE-d$^1$ & Oui \\
                \quad Hauptkirche St Jacobi & CDE-C$^3$ (Rückpositif)   & C-d$^1$e$^1$f$^1$ & Oui \\
                & CDEFGA-c$^3$ (Werk)   &  &  \\
                & CDEFGA-c$^3$ (Oberpositiv) &  &  \\
                & CDEFGA-c$^3$ (Brustpositiv) &  &  \\
                \bottomrule
            \end{tabular}
        \caption{Tessiture des Manuels et Pédale des orgues joués par J.S. Bach entre 1703 et 1723, comparés à l'ambitus de l'\oe uvre (Manuels : D-b$^2$ ; Pédale : D-d$^1$).}
        \label{tab:orgues2}
        %%  \forceversofloat% forces caption to be set to the left of the float
    \end{largetable}
\end{document}
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