You are right that the result from coefTest is an F-test. There is no built-in way to carry out a one-sided t test.
Here are some commands to reproduce the calculations for the t statistic and its p-value as they appear int the coefficient table:
load carsmall
d = dataset(MPG,Weight);
d.Year = ordinal(Model_Year);
glm = GeneralizedLinearModel.fit(d,'MPG ~ Year + Weight + Weight^2')
glm.Coefficients.Estimate(3)
glm.Coefficients.Estimate(3)/sqrt(glm.CoefficientCovariance(3,3))
2*(1 - tcdf(glm.Coefficients.Estimate(3)/sqrt(glm.CoefficientCovariance(3,3)),glm.DFE))
You could compute a contrast among the coefficients (instead of just taking the third one as I did), use the covariance matrix to compute the variance of this contrast, and so on. Then you could pick the desired tail of the t distribution.
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