[Tex/LaTex] Writing out calculations in LaTeX

formattingline-spacingmath-modespacing

LaTeX's fantastic for writing out papers with mathematics and mathematical results in them, but I've never really learned how to use it to type up calculations, as one would write them on a piece of paper, or a blackboard.

TL;DR is there a "paragraph mode" for mathematics?

What I mean by this is, when I write out my calculations, I usually want them in a display style, that is, I want the larger integral and summation signs, and the larger fractions, I want the limits above and below the symbols, that sort of thing, as you would write maths on a blackboard or a piece of homework.

The problem is, if you're writing out calculations, I was always taught to write them like, essentially, individual paragraphs. I was to have them flush with the left margin and I was to leave a line (or at least, some space) between each line of my calculation.

Clearly, consecutive \[ ... \]s are ill-suited to this and not just because of the centring. Suppose we have line 1, then line 2, and the left hand side of the = sign is different on each line, but then we wish to have an aligned equation, like this:

\[
  36V^{2} = A^{2}x^{2} - 2Ax^{4}
\]
\[
  V = \frac{1}{6}(A^{2}x^{2} - 2Ax^{4})^{\frac{1}{2}}
\]
\begin{flalign*}
  \frac{dV}{dx} &= \frac{2A^{2}x - 8Ax^{3}}{12\sqrt{A^{2}x^{2} -
      2Ax^{4}}} \\[12pt]
  &= \frac{A^{2}x - 4Ax^{3}}{6\sqrt{A^{2}x^{2} - 2Ax^{4}}}
\end{flalign*}

How are we to ensure consistent spacing between each line?

Traditionally I have used a bit of a hack, with its own imperfections.

\documentclass[fleqn,12pt]{article}
\usepackage[parfill]{parskip}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\setlength{\mathindent}{0pt}

\begin{document}

$\begin{displaystyle}
  36V^{2} = A^{2}x^{2} - 2Ax^{4} \\[12pt]
  V = \frac{1}{6}(A^{2}x^{2} - 2Ax^{4})^{\frac{1}{2}}
\end{displaystyle}$
\begin{flalign*}
  \frac{dV}{dx} &= \frac{2A^{2}x - 8Ax^{3}}{12\sqrt{A^{2}x^{2} -
      2Ax^{4}}} \\[12pt]
  &= \frac{A^{2}x - 4Ax^{3}}{6\sqrt{A^{2}x^{2} - 2Ax^{4}}}
\end{flalign*}

\end{document}

But I'm not longer confident this is ideal.

What I really want is:

All lines flush with the left margin
Perfectly consistent gap between all lines, including between single, independent lines of mathematics, each line in an aligned environment, the last independent single line and the first line of an aligned environment, and text
Display style
Ability to switch freely between aligned and unaligned maths and text

For example:

\documentclass[fleqn,12pt]{article}
\pagestyle{plain}
\usepackage[margin=1.8cm]{geometry}
\geometry{a4paper}
\usepackage[parfill]{parskip}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\setlength{\mathindent}{0pt}

\begin{document}

Let the volume of the container be denoted~$V$ and let the area be
denoted~$A$.

$\begin{displaystyle}
  36V^{2} = A^{2}x^{2} - 2Ax^{4} \\[\parskip]
  V = \frac{1}{6}(A^{2}x^{2} - 2Ax^{4})^{\frac{1}{2}}
\end{displaystyle}$
\begin{flalign*}
  \frac{dV}{dx} &= \frac{2A^{2}x - 8Ax^{3}}{12\sqrt{A^{2}x^{2} -
      2Ax^{4}}} \\[\parskip]
  &= \frac{A^{2}x - 4Ax^{3}}{6\sqrt{A^{2}x^{2} - 2Ax^{4}}}
\end{flalign*}
\begin{flalign*}
  \frac{dV}{dx} = 0 &\implies A^{2}x = 4Ax^{3} \\[\parskip]
  &\implies x = 0 \text{ or } x^{2} = \frac{A}{4} \\[\parskip]
  &\implies x = 0,\ \pm\frac{\sqrt{A}}{2}
\end{flalign*}
We discard $x = 0$ and $x = -\sqrt{A}/2$ since the length of the base
of the container can be neither 0 nor negative.

$\therefore$ $V$ is a maximum at $x = \sqrt{A}/2$.

\end{document}

What I'm aiming for is (in so far as possible) precisely this, but with perfectly even spacing between all lines and, if possible, a less ghastly source code. I mean \\[\parskip] (or, until recently, \\[12pt]) at the end of almost every line was okay before I read LaTeX: A Document Preparation System but now I feel like I must be doing something wrong!

Best Answer

If you really need to this then instead of using the parskip package you might try using a document class that is designed for this type of layout. One example comes from the Dutch TeX user group in the ntgclass collection. Using their artikel3 class with the fleqn option, setting the \mathindent to zero and using just standard amsmath environments equation(*), align(*) and split gives many of the features you request.

\documentclass[fleqn,12pt]{artikel3}

\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\setlength{\mathindent}{0pt}

\begin{document}

Let the volume of the container be denoted~$V$ and let the area be
denoted~$A$.

\begin{equation*}
  36V^{2} = A^{2}x^{2} - 2Ax^{4}
\end{equation*}
\begin{equation*}
  V = \frac{1}{6}(A^{2}x^{2} - 2Ax^{4})^{\frac{1}{2}}
\end{equation*}
\begin{equation*}
  \begin{split}
  \frac{dV}{dx} &= \frac{2A^{2}x - 8Ax^{3}}{12\sqrt{A^{2}x^{2} -
      2Ax^{4}}} \\
  &= \frac{A^{2}x - 4Ax^{3}}{6\sqrt{A^{2}x^{2} - 2Ax^{4}}}
  \end{split}
\end{equation*}
\begin{align*}
  \frac{dV}{dx} = 0 &\implies A^{2}x = 4Ax^{3} \\
  &\implies x = 0 \text{ or } x^{2} = \frac{A}{4} \\
  &\implies x = 0,\ \pm\frac{\sqrt{A}}{2}
\end{align*}
We discard $x = 0$ and $x = -\sqrt{A}/2$ since the length of the base
of the container can be neither 0 nor negative.

$\therefore$ $V$ is a maximum at $x = \sqrt{A}/2$.

\end{document}

Note that there is a big difference whether there is a blank line or not between two consecutive display math environments in the source.

Another example is the classes from the koma bundle, which have a parskip option.
The code would be the same as above, just with the first line changed to e.g.

\documentclass[fleqn,12pt,parskip=full*]{scrartcl}

There are quite a number of different choices for the parskip value. See the bundles documentation for full information.

On the other hand I would strongly discourage writing in this way. Sequences of equations without intervening text giving the structure of the arguments is not good for the reader (including yourself). I would be strongly inclined to write something more in this style:

\documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}

\usepackage[margin=1.8cm]{geometry}

\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}

\begin{document}

Let the volume of the container be~$V$ and let the area~$A$.  Write
$x$ for the length of the base of the container.  We assume all three
quantities are strictly positive.

The geometry of the problem gives
  \begin{equation*}
  36V^{2} = A^{2}x^{2} - 2Ax^{4}
\end{equation*}
which we may solve to get
\begin{equation}
  \label{eq:V}
  V = \frac{1}{6}(A^{2}x^{2} - 2Ax^{4})^{1/2}.
\end{equation}

At a maximum we have \( dV/dx = 0 \).  Computing the derivative of
\eqref{eq:V}, we find
\begin{equation*}
  \begin{split}
    \frac{dV}{dx}
    &= \frac{2A^{2}x - 8Ax^{3}}{12\sqrt{A^{2}x^{2} - 2Ax^{4}}} \\
    &= \frac{A^{2}x - 4Ax^{3}}{6\sqrt{A^{2}x^{2} - 2Ax^{4}}}\\
    &= \frac{1}{6\sqrt{A^{2}x^{2} - 2Ax^{4}}} Ax(A-4x^2).
  \end{split}
\end{equation*}
So at a maximum either \( A = 0 \) or \( x = 0 \) or \( x = \pm \sqrt
A /2 \).  The positivity assumptions rule out the three cases \( A = 0
\), \( x = 0 \) and \( x = - \sqrt A/2 \), so the only candidate for a
maximum is at \( x = \sqrt A/2 \).

Now we explain why this is in fact a maximum and not some other critical
point\dots

\end{document}

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Creating macros that provide shortcuts for frequently used strings is a very good idea. For an entry-level introduction to the uses of the LaTeX \newcommand directive see, e.g., Chapter 6, "Customizing LaTeX", of the guide The Not So Short Introduction to LATEX2e.

For instance, you could issue the instructions

\newcommand\loghi{\log(\mathrm{H}\textsc{i})}
\newcommand\sfrm{\log(\mathrm{SFR} / \mathrm{M}_{\odot})}

in the preamble and, later on in the body of the text, write something like

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As you've already noted in a comment, a complication arises if these macros can also be used in bold surroundings such as sectioning headers. Specifically, given the above definition of \loghi, LaTeX will try to typeset the letter i in bold-smallcaps. As you've discovered, if the font family you're using does not feature a bold-smallcaps font, the letter will be set in "ordinary" bold, i.e., as i. Not the desired effect, right?!

What to do? I think you have (at least) two options. The first is to use a font family that does feature a bold-smallcap font. Two such families arenewt xtext/newtxmath and newpxtext/newpxmath . The former provides a "Times Roman" look, the latter a "Palatino" look. This may (or may not...) be acceptable to you.

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[Tex/LaTex] Writing functions and LaTeX

Anything that is maths should go in math mode. There are a number of ways of entering math mode, and actually different types. The simplest is

$ ... $

Thus, you will write $f(...)$

This is for in-line maths, maths that should go in the text, e.g.:

The function $f(x) = x^{2}$ is an interesting function, because ...

You may also use:

$ ... $

Which does exactly the same thing:

The function \(f(x) = x^{2}\) is an interesting function, because ...

For displayed equations, you should use:

\[ ... \]

This will display your equation. By default it will be on a new line, centred, and there will be a small skip between the lines of text preceding and succeeding the equation. In addition, certain symbols - such as the summation and integral signs - will be set larger by default. Fractions will also be larger by default and limits, etc. will, by default, be placed above and below (except with integrals). This is suited to large displayed equations. In inline math mode we have smaller symbols, limits are set like sub- and superscripts and fractions appear smaller. This is so that the mathematics is integrated smoothly into the text and does not cause ugly line heights and excessive white space.

So you could have:

And from this it follows that
\[f(x) = x^{2}\]

There are also a number of environments, such as equation and flalign* which are maths environments and put you, by default, into math mode, e.g.:

The equation we shall begin with is:
\begin{equation}
  f(x) = x^{2}
\end{equation}

These environments usually display your equations.

P.S.: You should definitely load the amsmath package at the least.

Best Answer

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