When I use \paragraph{...}, the vertical spaces in general are too big. I need to manually put \vspace{-5em} in front to adjust the spacing. It is not robust and unnatural. One reason may be that I have many big formulas (with many lines). Does anyone know a good way to adjust this vertical spacing automatically?
[Tex/LaTex] Vertical spacing for paragraph environment
sectioningsections-paragraphsspacing
Related Solutions
\stackrel exploits the same TeX's internal mechanism used for setting limits over \sum:
\newcommand{\stackrel}[2]{\mathrel{\mathop{#2}\limits^{#1}}
Therefore lowering the "superscript" won't have any effect (raising would). In any case it's better to use \overset from amsmath. And, in this particular case, to use the predefined symbol.
How to solve your problem in other situations, without measuring?
Alignments are what we need: but array would leave too much space and we'd need measuring again. Here's a way out; I'll use the "triangle over equals" just by way of example: always use an already available symbol.
\newcommand{\defeq}{%
\mathrel{\vbox{\offinterlineskip\ialign{%
\hfil##\hfil\cr
$\scriptscriptstyle\triangle$\cr
%\noalign{\kern0ex}
$=$\cr
}}}}
I've left a (commented) line where one could adjust the separation between the two parts; it's better to specify ex rather than pt units, so that the symbol can be used in various font sizes.
We say that the symbol is a relation.
We enclose the building into a
\vbox, so that the baseline of the bottom element will be used for the whole thing.In the
\vboxwe suppress the usual interline skip mechanism (\offinterlineskip).We start an alignment;
\ialignis just a way to use\halignwith\tabskipset to zero.The alignment consists of one column, with centered items (
\hfil#\hfil\cr, the#needs to be doubled because we're in a definition).The two rows, possibly adjusting the separation with a positive or negative kern.
Here are some examples
Your method (1) is simply wrong: a displayed equation should never start a paragraph.
If it ends a paragraph, leave a blank line after it (case 3); if the paragraphs continues, no blank line (case 2).
Setting a nonzero parskip does not increase readability, in my opinion (which I share with people like Tschichold): it just puts big white stripes on the page, spoiling its uniform grey color.
Best Answer
\paragraphinarticleclass is defined byso the skip before is 3.25 ex by default, so adding a negative -5em spacing would almost always make it over-print the preceding text.
You can repeat the above definition use
\renewcommandinstead of\newcommandand reduce the spacing. (It would need to be in a local package or between\makeatletterand\makeatotherbecause of the@in the command name.)Are you sure you need to use
\paragraphat all? It is not a commonly used command, it is just for 4th level sections after\section\subsectionand\subsubsection