[Tex/LaTex] table going outside the page

tables

enter image description hereWhy this table goes outside the page:

    \documentclass[11pt,twoside,a4paper]{report}
    \usepackage{graphicx}

        \usepackage{makeidx}
        \usepackage{multirow}
        \usepackage{tikz}
        \usepackage{array,booktabs,siunitx}
        \usepackage[italian]{babel}
        \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
        \makeindex
        \begin{document}
        \tableofcontents
        \printindex
               \begin{table}[htbp]
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
\toprule
T $^\circ$ C & 6 $^\circ$ C & 20 $^\circ$ C & 37 $^\circ$ C \\
\toprule
Solvente & conc. (\%p/V) & contenuto fase liq. (\%) & contenuto fase liq. (\%) & contenuto fase liq.(\%)  \\
\midrule
\multirow{4}{*}{Water}& 1 & 84.3 $\pm$ 0.1 & 99.2 $\pm$ 0.1 & 98.9 $\pm$ 0.1\\
& 2 & 84.3 $\pm$ 0.1 & - & 98.9 $\pm$ 0.2 \\
& 3 & 84.3 $\pm$ 0.1 & 99.2 $\pm$ 0.1 & - \\
& 4 & 84.5 $\pm$ 0.1 & 90 $\pm$ 5 & 83.3 $\pm$ 0.2\\
\midrule
\multirow{4}{*}{Saline} &1 &  99.1 $\pm$ 0.1 & 98.9 $\pm$ 0.1 & 99.3 $\pm$ 0.1\\
& 2 & 99.2 $\pm$ 0.1 & 99.1 $\pm$ 0.1 & 99.4 $\pm$ 0.2 \\
& 3 & 99.1 $\pm$ 0.1 & 98.9 $\pm$ 0.2 & 99.5 $\pm$ 0.1 \\
& 4 & 99.2 $\pm$ 0.1 & 99.1 $\pm$ 0.1 & 98.8 $\pm$ 0.2 \\
\midrule
\multirow{4}{*}{PBS } & 1 & 99.1 $\pm$ 0.1 & - & 99.5 $\pm$ 0.1 \\
& 2 & 99.0 $\pm$ 0.2 & - & 99.3 $\pm$ 0.1\\
& 3 & 99.4 $\pm$ 0.1 & 99.7 $\pm$ 0.1 & 99.5 $\pm$ 0.1\\
& 4 & 99.4 $\pm$ 0.1 & 99.0 $\pm$ 0.1 & 99.2 $\pm$ 0.2\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{\emph{Rapporto liquido/solido per i campioni in acqua, in soluzione fisiologica e in tampone fosfato alle concentrazioni del 1, 2, 3, 4\% p/V, alle temperature di 6, 20, 37$^\circ$ C}}
\end{table}

Best Answer

You asked,

Why [does] this table goes outside the page?

It's mostly because the header cells contains a lot of (repeated) information and no intra-cell line breaks are allowed.

The most appealing solution, in my opinion, consists of reorganizing and rearranging the header cells to get rid of the repetitive material.

I would also get rid of all vertical lines. They're not needed -- really!

enter image description here

\documentclass[11pt,twoside,a4paper]{report}
    %%% (commented out all packages not needed for this example)
    %\usepackage{graphicx}
    %\usepackage{makeidx}
    %\usepackage{multirow}
    %\usepackage{tikz}
    \usepackage{array,booktabs,siunitx}
    \usepackage[italian]{babel}
    \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
    %\makeindex
    \begin{document}
    %\tableofcontents
    %\printindex

        \begin{table}[htbp]
        \centering
        \begin{tabular}{@{} ccccc @{}}
        \toprule
        conc.\ (\%p/V)& \multicolumn{3}{c}{Contenuto fase liq. (\%)} & Solvente \\
        \cmidrule(lr){2-4}
        & \SI{6}{\celsius} & \SI{20}{\celsius} & \SI{37}{\celsius} \\
        \midrule
        1 & 84.3 $\pm$ 0.1 & 99.2 $\pm$ 0.1 & 98.9 $\pm$ 0.1 & water\\
        2 & 84.3 $\pm$ 0.1 & -- & 98.9 $\pm$ 0.2 & water \\
        3 & 84.3 $\pm$ 0.1 & 99.2 $\pm$ 0.1 & -- & water \\
        4 & 84.5 $\pm$ 0.1 & 90 $\pm$ 5 & 83.3 $\pm$ 0.2 & water\\ \addlinespace
        1 & 99.1 $\pm$ 0.1 & 98.9 $\pm$ 0.1 & 99.3 $\pm$ 0.1 & saline \\
        2 & 99.2 $\pm$ 0.1 & 99.1 $\pm$ 0.1 & 99.4 $\pm$ 0.2 & saline\\
        3 & 99.1 $\pm$ 0.1 & 98.9 $\pm$ 0.2 & 99.5 $\pm$ 0.1 & saline\\
        4 & 99.2 $\pm$ 0.1 & 99.1 $\pm$ 0.1 & 98.8 $\pm$ 0.2 & saline\\ \addlinespace
        1 & 99.1 $\pm$ 0.1 & -- & 99.5 $\pm$ 0.1 & PBS\\
        2 & 99.0 $\pm$ 0.2 & -- & 99.3 $\pm$ 0.1 & PBS \\
        3 & 99.4 $\pm$ 0.1 & 99.7 $\pm$ 0.1 & 99.5 $\pm$ 0.1 & PBS\\
        4 & 99.4 $\pm$ 0.1 & 99.0 $\pm$ 0.1 & 99.2 $\pm$ 0.2 & PBS \\
        \bottomrule
        \end{tabular}
        \caption{Rapporto liquido/solido per i campioni in acqua, in soluzione fisiologica e in tampone fosfato alle concentrazioni del 1, 2, 3, 4\% p/V, alle temperature di 6, 20, e \SI{37}{\celsius}.}
        \end{table}
\end{document}
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