First, it is important to emphasize that there is no automatic breakability for a tcolorbox inside a multicols environment. There is only the possibility to insert manual break points using the break at option. This also means that these break points have to be manually readjusted if new material is inserted before such a box. I intended this feature for short multicols environments. If many pages of material are used as your screenshots show, you will have a lot of manual adjustment.
To insert these manual break points, one has to use the break at option. Here is there relevant passage from the manual:
Now, your MWE uses:
break at=5cm/0cm
This results in a first break point at 5cm. All following break points are set to \textheight. This gives the expected output:
For this MWE, one would try to balance the columns manually by testing appropriate length values. Here, the following looks not bad:
break at=8cm
This sets all break points at 8cm. The complete source is:
\documentclass[a4paper,twoside,openany,12pt]{book}
\usepackage[left=1cm,right=1cm,top=2.5cm,bottom=2.5cm,marginparwidth=0cm,marginparsep=0cm,outer=1cm]{geometry}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{lmodern}
\usepackage[turkish]{babel}
\usepackage{multicol}
\usepackage[listings,skins,breakable]{tcolorbox}
\usepackage{empheq}
\newcommand\B{Correct answer is \textbf{B} choice.}
\definecolor{formulzemin}{RGB}{255,255,170}
\newcommand*\mybox[1]{%
\colorbox{formulzemin}{\hspace{1em}#1\hspace{1em}}}
\newcommand{\equat}[1]{\begin{empheq}[box=\mybox]{align}{#1}\end{empheq}}
\newcommand{\kutu}[2]{\begin{tcolorbox}[enhanced jigsaw,breakable,
title after break=,
left=0mm,right=0mm,bottom=0mm,top=0mm,colback=red!5!white,colframe=red!75!black,
%enforce breakable,% <-- never use this
break at=8cm,
pad at break=1mm,
]\textit{{#1}
\begin{flushright}
{#2}
\end{flushright}}
\end{tcolorbox}}
\begin{document}
\begin{multicols}{2}
\kutu{A circuit element whose electrical characteristic is primarily resistive
is called a resistor and is represented by the symbol shown in Fig. 2.1a. A
resistor is a physical device that can be purchased in certain standard values
in an electronic parts store. These resistors, which find use in a variety of
electrical applications, are normally carbon composition or wire- wound. In
addition, resistors can be fabricated using thick oxide or thin metal films for
use in hybrid circuits, or they can be diffused in semiconductor integrated
circuits. Some typical discrete resistors are shown in Fig. 2.1b. 5$:$1As the
resistance is decreased and becomes smaller and smaller, we finally reach a
point where the resistance is zero and the circuit is reduced to that shown in
Fig. 2.3b; that is, the resistance can be replaced by a short circuit. On the
other hand, if the resistance is increased and becomes larger and arger, we
finally reach a point where it is essentially infinite and the resistance can be
replaced by an open circuit, as shown in Fig.~2.3c. Note that n the case of a
short circuit where \equat{V_{C}=V_G \cdot
\frac{1}{5}=\frac{250}{5}=50\;V\!olt\nonumber}\\ \equat{V_D=V_{C} \cdot
\sqrt{2}=50\sqrt{2}=70{,}71\;V\!olt\nonumber}}{\B}
\end{multicols}
\end{document}
The output is:
Finally, we can do some polishment by adding
height fixed for=all
This will set the height values of both box parts to the target value of 8cm. The complete code is:
\documentclass[a4paper,twoside,openany,12pt]{book}
\usepackage[left=1cm,right=1cm,top=2.5cm,bottom=2.5cm,marginparwidth=0cm,marginparsep=0cm,outer=1cm]{geometry}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{lmodern}
\usepackage[turkish]{babel}
\usepackage{multicol}
\usepackage[listings,skins,breakable]{tcolorbox}
\usepackage{empheq}
\newcommand\B{Correct answer is \textbf{B} choice.}
\definecolor{formulzemin}{RGB}{255,255,170}
\newcommand*\mybox[1]{%
\colorbox{formulzemin}{\hspace{1em}#1\hspace{1em}}}
\newcommand{\equat}[1]{\begin{empheq}[box=\mybox]{align}{#1}\end{empheq}}
\newcommand{\kutu}[2]{\begin{tcolorbox}[enhanced jigsaw,breakable,
title after break=,
left=0mm,right=0mm,bottom=0mm,top=0mm,colback=red!5!white,colframe=red!75!black,
%enforce breakable,% <-- never use this
break at=8cm,
height fixed for=all,
pad at break=1mm,
]\textit{{#1}
\begin{flushright}
{#2}
\end{flushright}}
\end{tcolorbox}}
\begin{document}
\begin{multicols}{2}
\kutu{A circuit element whose electrical characteristic is primarily resistive
is called a resistor and is represented by the symbol shown in Fig. 2.1a. A
resistor is a physical device that can be purchased in certain standard values
in an electronic parts store. These resistors, which find use in a variety of
electrical applications, are normally carbon composition or wire- wound. In
addition, resistors can be fabricated using thick oxide or thin metal films for
use in hybrid circuits, or they can be diffused in semiconductor integrated
circuits. Some typical discrete resistors are shown in Fig. 2.1b. 5$:$1As the
resistance is decreased and becomes smaller and smaller, we finally reach a
point where the resistance is zero and the circuit is reduced to that shown in
Fig. 2.3b; that is, the resistance can be replaced by a short circuit. On the
other hand, if the resistance is increased and becomes larger and arger, we
finally reach a point where it is essentially infinite and the resistance can be
replaced by an open circuit, as shown in Fig.~2.3c. Note that n the case of a
short circuit where \equat{V_{C}=V_G \cdot
\frac{1}{5}=\frac{250}{5}=50\;V\!olt\nonumber}\\ \equat{V_D=V_{C} \cdot
\sqrt{2}=50\sqrt{2}=70{,}71\;V\!olt\nonumber}}{\B}
\end{multicols}
\end{document}
And the output is:
Best Answer
As I wrote in my comments, I fear that there is no global solution for the problem. But I experimented with a patch which might be helpful for many use cases. The patch code tries to estimate the space needed after a heading. If it is very probable that the box or the first part of the box does not fit on the current page, the
\vspace{...}\null\vspace{-...}trick of yours is applied to move everything to the next page including the heading.The space estimation can fail especially, if the box contains a large unbreakable content as in your example. In this case, a warning is given to detect such problems in long documents. One manual solution is to enlarge the
lines before breakvalue to match the unbreakable content. Currently, I do not see an automatic way.The following code is an experimental patch. If it prooves to be stable, I want to put it into an official version, but there have to be many tests before that. If you see (new) problems with it or if you can improve it, feel free to comment. The main part is
\tcb@handle@nobreak, the rest is some slightly changed current code.