This is most likely because the figure environment floats, which is not what you're after. For this you have a couple of options:
Add the float package which provides the H float specifier, allowing you to use
\usepackage{float}% http://ctan.org/pkg/float
%...
\begin{figure}[H]
%...
\caption[<ToC>]{<regular>}
\end{figure}
stopping the float from moving around.
Add the caption (or the super-tiny capt-of) package and wrap your figure inside a minipage to keep the image and caption together. Use it as follows:
\usepackage{caption}% http://ctan.org/pkg/caption
%\usepackage{capt-of}% http://ctan.org/pkg/capt-of
%...
\noindent\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}
%...
\captionof{figure}[<ToC>]{<regular>}
\end{minipage}
%...
For more information on the placement of figures, see How to influence the position of float environments like figure and table in LaTeX? and Keeping tables/figures close to where they are mentioned.
The above proposals are purely LaTeX-driven.
If you want to manage this within pandoc, consider adding the following to a file called float_adjustment.tex and place it in your project folder:
\usepackage{float}
\floatplacement{figure}{H}
Then include this file as part of your preamble using the pandoc header
---
title: "A title"
author: "An author"
date: "`r format(Sys.time(), '%d %B %Y')`"
output:
rmarkdown::pdf_document:
fig_caption: yes
includes:
in_header: figure_placement.tex
---
All figures should be forced in-place via the [H]ERE float specification.
If you want to use citations, you also have to define the CSL-style (Citation Style Language) to be used, via a *.csl-file you have to reference.
Here is an MWE in Markdown. It tests a few different methods to provide references to citations in Markdown:
# Markdown source code for relevant part of this page
``` {.markdown}
i. [@nonexistent]
i. @nonexistent
i. @z1 says fooo.
i. @z1 [p. 30] says baaar.
i. @z1 [p. 30, with suffix] says blahblah.
i. @z1 [-@z2 p. 30; see also @z3] says blah-blubb.
i. In a footnote.[^1]
i. A citation group [see @z1 p. 34-35; also @z3 chap. 3].
i. Another one [see @z1 p. 34-35].
i. And still another, in a footnote.[^2]
i. Quote with a *suffix* and a *locator* [@z1 pp. 33, 35-37, and nothing else].
i. Quote with only one locator [@z1 and nowhere else].
i. Now a few *modifiers*[^3]...
i. With some extra Markup [*siehe* @z1 p. **32**].
i. Jane Doz doesnt like me [***siehe*** **@z4**].
[^1]: A citation without locators [@z3].
[^2]: Multiple citations [siehe @z2 chap. 3; @z3; @z1].
[^3]: ...like a quote without author: [-@z1]. And now OStR Oster with a locator [-@z2 p. 44].
$x^2 + y^2 = 1$ @z1
```
# Document output of Markdown code
i. [@nonexistent]
i. @nonexistent
i. @z1 says fooo.
i. @z1 [p. 30] says baaar.
i. @z1 [p. 30, with suffix] says blahblah.
i. @z1 [-@z2 p. 30; see also @z3] says blah-blubb.
i. In a footnote.[^1]
i. A citation group [see @z1 p. 34-35; also @z3 chap. 3].
i. Another one [see @z1 p. 34-35].
i. And still anoter, in a footnote.[^2]
i. Quote with a *suffix* and a *locator* [@z1 pp. 33, 35-37, and nothing else].
i. Quote with only one locator [@z1 and nowhere else].
i. Now a few *modifiers*[^3]...
i. With some extra Markup [*see also* @z1 p. **32**].
i. Jane Doz doesnt like me [***see*** **@z4**].
[^1]: A citation without locators [@z3].
[^2]: Multiple citations [siehe @z2 chap. 3; @z3; @z1].
[^3]: ...like a quote without author: [-@z1]. And now OStR Oster with a locator [-@z2 p. 44].
$x^2 + y^2 = 1$ @z1
# Bibliography
You convert this Markdown with f.e. the following Pandoc command:
pandoc -V geometry="paperwidth=18cm, paperheight=34cm, margin=0.3cm" \
-V language=de-DE -V lang=ngerman \
--highlight-style=espresso --filter=pandoc-citeproc \
--biblio=my-biblio.bib --csl=stuttgart-media-university.csl \
-o stuttgart-media-university---csl.pdf mwe.md
As you can see from the command, it references three files:
- The Markdown source,
mwe.md.
- An additional file defining the CSL-style to be used,
stuttgart-media-university.csl. (I downloaded it from the core repository, of citationstyles.org on GitHub.)
The third one, my-biblio.bib, which holds my citation references. Its content is here:
@Book{z1,
author="Thales von Milet",
title="Doppelwinkel-Funktionen",
url="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formelsammlung_Trigonometrie#Doppelwinkelfunktionen",
year="600 v.Chr.",
address="Milet, Kleinasien",
publisher="Wikipedia"
}
@Article{z2,
author="OStR Dr. math.nat. Oster",
title="Unterrichtsmaterialen für Klasse 9 (Mittelstufe)",
year="1969",
journal="Journal of Generic Studies",
volume="9",
pages="33-34"
}
@InCollection{z3,
author="Elvis Presley, Madonna and Pink Floyd",
title="Kombinatorik Hypergeometrischer Verteilungen",
booktitle="Wiederholungslose Auswahlprobleme",
editor="Cleopatra, Königin von Ägypten",
publisher="Steintafeln Moses GmbH & Co. KG",
address="Gizeh",
year="30 v.Chr."
}
@Article{z4,
author="Jane Doz",
title="Why All Men Suck",
year="2006",
journal="Journal of Gender Studies",
volume="6",
pages="33-34"
}
Here is a screenshot of the resulting PDF page:
Looking closely at that page, you can see how exactly each occurrence of Markdown source citational references translate into the final page layout.
Be aware, that the final page layout is heavily influenced by the specific CSL style file you use! Apply a different CSL, and the page content will look different (specifically: the spots with the references, the footnotes and the "Bibliography" section are all influenced by the CSL).
My recently created GitHub repo for testing CSL style files contains even more detailed instructions about this topic.
Best Answer
The wrong escape is most likely because you are not starting the line with a
#. That is, you input isinstead of