How to write in bibliography (package natbib) letter "a" with two dots above? Specially, I mean the word Birkhäuser.
Is there a general rule or way how to write such umlauts or other accented letters in bibliographies?
accentsbibtexcharacters
How to write in bibliography (package natbib) letter "a" with two dots above? Specially, I mean the word Birkhäuser.
Is there a general rule or way how to write such umlauts or other accented letters in bibliographies?
I think that rather than look at unicode-math
it's more natural to look at inputenc
's utf8 support (if your main interest is textual accented characters rather than math symbols). That maps Unicode input to classic latex markup.
The base latex distribution has a file utf8enc.dfu
that contains the mapping as far as it is implemented. As memory constraints are a lot less of a problem now than they were initially gradually more Unicode characters have been added, and quite a lot more are added in the next release due in a day or so, the current development version is
%%
%% This is file `utf8enc.dfu',
%% generated with the docstrip utility.
%%
%% The original source files were:
%%
%% utf8ienc.dtx (with options: `all')
%%
%% This is a generated file.
%%
%% The source is maintained by the LaTeX Project team and bug
%% reports for it can be opened at http://latex-project.org/bugs.html
%% (but please observe conditions on bug reports sent to that address!)
%%
%%
%% Copyright 1993-2016
%% The LaTeX3 Project and any individual authors listed elsewhere
%% in this file.
%%
%% This file was generated from file(s) of the LaTeX base system.
%% --------------------------------------------------------------
%%
%% It may be distributed and/or modified under the
%% conditions of the LaTeX Project Public License, either version 1.3c
%% of this license or (at your option) any later version.
%% The latest version of this license is in
%% http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
%% and version 1.3c or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
%% version 2005/12/01 or later.
%%
%% This file has the LPPL maintenance status "maintained".
%%
%% This file may only be distributed together with a copy of the LaTeX
%% base system. You may however distribute the LaTeX base system without
%% such generated files.
%%
%% The list of all files belonging to the LaTeX base distribution is
%% given in the file `manifest.txt'. See also `legal.txt' for additional
%% information.
%%
%% The list of derived (unpacked) files belonging to the distribution
%% and covered by LPPL is defined by the unpacking scripts (with
%% extension .ins) which are part of the distribution.
\ProvidesFile{utf8enc.dfu}
[2015/12/03 v1.1r UTF-8 support for inputenc]
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\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{04FA}{\CYRGDSCHCRS}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{04FB}{\cyrgdschcrs}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{04FC}{\CYRHHK}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{04FD}{\cyrhhk}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{04FE}{\CYRHHCRS}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{04FF}{\cyrhhcrs}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{0E3F}{\textbaht}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E02}{\.B}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{01E03}{\.b}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{200C}{\textcompwordmark}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2013}{\textendash}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2014}{\textemdash}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2016}{\textbardbl}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2018}{\textquoteleft}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2019}{\textquoteright}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201A}{\quotesinglbase}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201C}{\textquotedblleft}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201D}{\textquotedblright}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{201E}{\quotedblbase}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2020}{\textdagger}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2021}{\textdaggerdbl}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2022}{\textbullet}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2026}{\textellipsis}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2030}{\textperthousand}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2031}{\textpertenthousand}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2039}{\guilsinglleft}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{203A}{\guilsinglright}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{203B}{\textreferencemark}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{203D}{\textinterrobang}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2044}{\textfractionsolidus}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{204E}{\textasteriskcentered}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2052}{\textdiscount}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{20A1}{\textcolonmonetary}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{20A4}{\textlira}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{20A6}{\textnaira}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{20A9}{\textwon}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{20AB}{\textdong}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{20AC}{\texteuro}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{20B1}{\textpeso}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2103}{\textcelsius}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2116}{\textnumero}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2117}{\textcircledP}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{211E}{\textrecipe}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2120}{\textservicemark}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2122}{\texttrademark}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2126}{\textohm}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2127}{\textmho}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{212E}{\textestimated}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2190}{\textleftarrow}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2191}{\textuparrow}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2192}{\textrightarrow}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2193}{\textdownarrow}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2329}{\textlangle}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{232A}{\textrangle}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2422}{\textblank}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{2423}{\textvisiblespace}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{25E6}{\textopenbullet}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{25EF}{\textbigcircle}
\DeclareUnicodeCharacter{266A}{\textmusicalnote}
\endinput
%%
%% End of file `utf8enc.dfu'.
Which tells you that for example \^{u}
is Unicode U+00FB
Best Answer
To typeset accented characters inside bibliography fields for processing with BibTeX, encase them in curly braces. To list but a few accented characters:
The word Birkhäuser should therefore be entered as
Birkh{\"a}user
.Just to provide a somewhat more involved case: the name
Jaromír Kovářík
should be entered as eitherJarom{\'i}r Kov{\'a}{\v r}{\'i}k
or, more succinctly,Jarom{\'i}r Kov{\'a\v r\'i}k
. As is explained in greater detail below, BibTeX will then sort the surnameKovářík
as if it were spelledKovarik
, i.e., without any "accented characters". Replacing the accented characters inKovářík
with unaccented characters matters if the bibliography's entries are sorted alphabetically by authors' surnames and if the bibliography contains entries with the surnames Kovářík, Kovács, Kowalski, and Kowatski...Addendum: There is an obvious follow-up question to the "How does one enter a special character for use in BibTeX?" question: Why is it necessary to encase these "special characters" in this manner? Or: Why are the ordinary methods of entering these characters in a LaTeX document -- say,
\"{a}
or\"a
, let aloneä
-- not quite right for BibTeX?There are two separate reasons for this requirement.
" ... "
, to delimit the contents of a bibliographic field, you will find that writinggenerates a BibTeX error, whereas
does not. I.e., BibTeX isn't quite smart enough on its own to distinguish between the two uses of the
"
character and needs extra help.author
andeditor
fields, but potentially other fields as well, including thetitle
,booktitle
, andorganization
fields -- are frequently used to sort entries alphabetically.How do BibTeX (and LaTeX) sort characters with Umlaute, diacritics, and other special features relative to the basic 26 characters of the Latin alphabet? How is one supposed to sort three authors named, say,
Peter Hauser
,Anna Häuser
, andJohn Hill
? For some pretty sound reasons -- but which are way too ancient and obscure to go into any adequate level of detail here; to explore these reasons properly, it's crucial to have Appendix C of the TeXBook handy... -- a decision was made in the design of BibTeX to "purify" (the BibTeX function that does this job really is calledpurify$
!) the contents of various fields as follows (this method conforms, probably not surprisingly, to US and UK sorting criteria; it needn't be "correct" outside of English-speaking regions, as I will note below) for sorting purposes:{\"a}
,{\'a}
,{\^a}
, etc are all made equivalent toa
,{\"o}
,{\'o}
,{\H o}
and{\o}
are all made equivalent too
,{\l}
and{\L}
become equivalent tol
andL
, respectively,{\ss}
becomes equivalent toss
,{\aa}
becomes equivalent toaa
,ä
, are moved to the very end, i.e., afterz
. This may seem arbitrary and ill-informed from today's vantage point, but back when BibTeX was created more than 20 years ago the only relevant character encoding and sorting system was ASCII.As you can immediately appreciate, this "purification" step is greatly simplified and made more robust if the "accented" characters are all entered consistently in the manner suggested in the first part of this answer.
Turning to the earlier case of the three authors named
Peter Hauser
,Anna Häuser
, andJohn Hill
: How will they appear in a bibliography whose entries are sorted alphabetically by the authors' surnames? If Anna's last name is entered asH{\"a}user
, the three authors will end up being listed asHäuser, A.
-Hauser, P.
-Hill, J.
. In contrast, if Anna's last name had been entered asHäuser
, the sorting order would have been Hauser - Hill - Häuser. For most English-speaking readers, the second ordering will look completely wrong.Some specialists from, say, Sweden, may object that this approach to sorting characters that aren't among the basic 26 characters of the Latin alphabet doesn't meet the specific national standards of, say, Sweden. [I obviously don't mean to pick on any Swedes. I mention them because I remember having read somewhere that in the Swedish alphabet,
ä
does come afterz
and hence is definitely not equivalent (not even for sorting purposes!) toa
.] My answer to this objection is: If you're a Swedish author writing in Swedish for a Swedish target audience, you had better conform to specific Swedish customs. On the other hand, if you're a Swede writing in English in a journal that's exclusively published in English, it'll do you no good at all if you try to insist on obeying Swedish sorting customs in your paper's bibliography. Of course, the very inability of BibTeX to be easily adaptable to non-English sorting customs is one of the reasons for the development and adoption of BibLaTeX and Biber. However, that's a topic for another day, isn't it?The issue of how BibTeX sorts bibliographic entries (as well as many other fascinating [!] issues) is examined at length and explained admirably in the surprisingly readable (given the enormous dryness of the subject!) essay Tame the BeaST by Nicolas Markey. If you have TeXLive or MikTeX as your TeX distribution, you can also access this document by typing "texdoc tamethebeast" at a command prompt.
For the sake of completeness and replicability, here's the MWE that gives to the screenshot shown above. Note that it's not necessary to load any extra packages to typeset the accented characters considered in this example. However, assuming you use pdfLaTeX to compile your document, you will need to load the
fontenc
package with the optionT1
if you need to typeset, say, an ogonek-accented character, such as{\k a}
, or the Icelandic "thorn",{\th}
.