I just figured out, that you can solve the problem by using Garamondx as your font instead of Garamond. You can download and install it from CTAN. The MWE looks like this:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}
\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ugm} % URW Garamond
\renewcommand{\sfdefault}{uop} % URW Classico (Optima)
\usepackage{luximono}
\usepackage[garamond]{mathdesign}
\usepackage{garamondx}
\begin{document}
\noindent
\normalfont RM-Family: Standard, emph, textbf, textit, textsl, texttt, textsc\\
\rmfamily Text, \emph{Text}, \textbf{Text}, \textit{Text}, \textsl{Text}, \texttt{Text}, "`Not available"'\\
\noindent
\normalfont SF-Family: Standard, emph, textbf, textit, textsl, texttt, textsc\\
\sffamily Text, \emph{Text}, \textbf{Text}, \textit{Text}, \textsl{Text}, \texttt{Text}, \textsc{Text}\\
\noindent
\normalfont TT-Family: Standard, emph, textbf, textit, textsl, texttt, textsc\\
\ttfamily Text, \emph{Text}, \textbf{Text}, \textit{Text}, \textsl{Text}, \texttt{Text}, "`Not available"'
\end{document}
Futura is the traditional choice of sans font for Palatino. But this is very much a matter of personal taste. There are some ideas in this graphic designer's blog that might help.
To get the Palatino+Futura combination on my Mac with xelatex
I have this in my pre-amble
\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{mathpazo}
\setmainfont[Mapping=tex-text,Ligatures=TeX,Numbers=OldStyle]{TeX Gyre Pagella}
\setsansfont{Futura}
Best Answer
For the sake of closing the question, here is a summary of the comments:
The TeX Gyre collection of fonts consists of:
As the original fonts that the TeX Gyre collection replaces were not designed to be used together, the TeX Gyre fonts themselves can't be expected to be designed for that purpose.