\documentclass{book}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\titleformat{\chapter}[display]
{\centering\Huge}
{\Huge\bfseries\chaptertitlename\ \thechapter}
{20pt}
{}
\usepackage{amsthm}
\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section]
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
\chapter{Short chapter title}
\section{Section title}
\begin{theorem}
\LaTeX\ is fun!
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}
Ducks are fun!
\end{theorem}
\section{Section title}
\begin{theorem}
\LaTeX\ is fun!
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}
Ducks are fun!
\end{theorem}
\chapter[Long chapter title]{Long long long long long long chapter title}
\section{Section title}
\begin{theorem}
\LaTeX\ is fun!
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}
Ducks are fun!
\end{theorem}
\section{Section title}
\begin{theorem}
\LaTeX\ is fun!
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}
Ducks are fun!
\end{theorem}
\appendix
\chapter{Short appendix title}
\section{Section title}
\begin{theorem}
This is a simple way to do what you need.
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}
Since you didn't provide a MWE, I cannot know if this is actually what you need!
\end{theorem}
\section{Section title}
\begin{theorem}
Why don't people provide a MWE?
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}
A MWE is always needed!
\end{theorem}
\chapter[Long appendix title]{Long long long long long long appendix title}
\section{Section title}
\begin{theorem}
\LaTeX\ is fun!
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}
Ducks are fun!
\end{theorem}
\section{Section title}
\begin{theorem}
\LaTeX\ is fun!
\end{theorem}
\begin{theorem}
Ducks are fun!
\end{theorem}
\end{document}
\documentclass[toc=left]{scrartcl}
\begin{document}
\tableofcontents
\section{foo} bar
\appendix
\gdef\thesection{Appendix \Alph{section}}
\section{foo} bar
\section{foo} bar
\end{document}
Best Answer
This is a simple way to do what you need.
If this doesn't fit your needs, please edit your question and add a minimal working example (MWE).