[Tex/LaTex] Adding complex phonetic symbols to LaTeX

Question

I am trying to add symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet to my thesis. For some of the characters, I have no idea how to add them to TeX.

The retroflex is giving me troubles.

\documentclass{article} 
\usepackage{tipa}
\begin{document}
    \begin{tabular}{llllllll}
    ~                   & Labial & Dental & Alveolar & Retroflex & Palatal & Velar & Glottal \\
    Stop                & ~      & ~      & ~        & ~         & ~       & ~     & ~       \\
    Voiceless           & ~      & ~      & ~        & ~         & ~       & ~     & ~       \\
    Voiceless aspirated & ~      & ~      & ~        & ~         & ~       & ~     & ~       \\
    Voiced              & ~      & ~      & ~        & ~         & ~       & ~     & ~       \\
    Voiced aspirated    & \textipa{}     & ~      & ~        & ~         & ~       & ~     & ~       \\
    Fricative           & \textipa{}    & ~      & ~        & ~         & ~       & ~     & ~       \\
    Nasal               & t͡ʃʰ    & ~      & ~        & ~         & ~       & ~     & ~       \\
    \end{tabular}
\end{document}

Can anyone tell me how to add retroflex symbols in LaTeX?

The description of the symbols can be found here.

UPDATE: I have added the symbols t͡ʃʰ and n̪. XeLaTeX is not printing them.

Answer 1

As explained by this answer, you can either use tipa and compile using pdfLaTeX or load a Unicode IPA font using fontspec and compile using XeLaTeX or LuaLaTeX. I strongly recommend using a Unicode IPA font rather than tipa for the reasons outlined in this answer.

Here is an example that uses the IPA versions of most of the symbols shown in the image you posted (I included both the palato-alveolar affricate and palatal stop symbols). I entered these symbols directly in my TeX editor using an IPA keyboard layout, but you could also use one of many online IPA pickers and copy and paste from there into your editor. I will leave the table formatting up to you.

\documentclass{article}

\usepackage{fontspec}
\setmainfont{Charis SIL}

\begin{document}
\noindent p t̪ t ʈ t͡ʃ c k\\
pʰ t̪ʰ ʈʰ t͡ʃʰ cʰ kʰ \\
b d̪ ɖ d͡ʒ ɟ ɡ \\
bʱ d̪ʱ ɖʱ d͡ʒʱ ɟʱ ɡʱ \\
f s ʂ ʃ h \\
m n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ \\
r ɽ ͏ɻ\\
l ɭ \\
w v j
\end{document}

As shown below, the font you select does make a difference in whether your symbols will come out right. Some fonts simply don't have the glyphs for most IPA symbols (although the ones shown here do have all the glyphs in the example), and others do a poor job of stacking diacritics and placing things like the tie bar used in affricates. So choose your font wisely, also paying attention to how well it does with other formatting you need such as bold and small caps.

Charis SIL:

Brill:

Linux Libertine O:

Times New Roman: