[Physics] Why is current slowed down by resistance

Question

Let's say I wire the negative pole of a battery to the positive pole. Obviously, the battery will short circuit as the electron pool in the negative side will become attracted to the positive side and cause a huge flow.
However, if I add a lamp to the circuit, the electrons again flow because they are attracted to the positive pole, but for some reason only enough of them to power the lamp. Why don't they keep flowing past the lamp and drain the battery just like a short circuit? Why does the resistance dictate the current?

Answer 1

This is a microscopic view of the current:

For many conductors of electricity, the electric current which will flow through them is directly proportional to the voltage applied to them.

Ohm's law :

When a microscopic view of Ohm's law is taken, it is found to depend upon the fact that the drift velocity of charges through the material is proportional to the electric field in the conductor. The ratio of voltage to current is called the resistance,

A microscopic view of Ohm's law

Why don't they keep flowing past the lamp and drain the battery, just like a short circuit? Why does the resistance dictate the current?

They will eventually drain the battery, but after some time much longer than the short circuit time because the current depends on the resistance which depends on the collisions the electrons have in the material, the larger the number of random collision the larger the resistance, as seen in the links given.

Electrons in conductors are like students running through an empty corridor when the class is let out, or running into a crowd of students partially blocking the way and slowing the flow.