If there is a rubber balloon filled with water attached to a string, and the string is pulled in 1 direction, causing the balloon to also be pulled, why does the water inside continue to move even when the balloon skin has stopped, and even go so far as to push against and cause one side of the balloon to stretch in the direction of motion before being stopped (which I presumed is due to the entropic force exerted back against the water from the contracting skin)?
I had thought at first that this behavior was due to the water having more momentum than the skin of the balloon and thus required more force to stop its motion, but since the force that was applied to each (the balloon skin and the water) was approximately equal, it seems that isn't the case?
Thank you for reading my question and for your help!
Best Answer
Fluid mechanics is fun!
Nambiar's first paragraph is key, so I'll quote it (with proper attribution)
In fluid mechanics, while this law is still absolutely true, it's a bit trickier to see what will actually happen because fluids can change shape. If instead of a rubber water balloon holding back water, we had a spring holding back something solid like a bowling ball, the outcome would not be to surprising. In that case, we would expect that, once the spring stopped moving, it would take some time for the bowling ball to be stopped by that spring, and the spring would be compressed (if the spring was in front of the ball) or stretched (if the spring was attached behind the ball). The exact same effect is happening with the water and the balloon, it's just being obscured by the more complicated motion a fluid can undertake.
The other key to this is clarifying an assumption, "...the force that was applied to each (the balloon skin and the water) was approximately equal..." If you really look at it, you never applied a force to the water. You apply a force to the outside of the balloon (in an attempt to stop the balloon+water), but you never directly apply a force to the water. The balloon applies the force to the water. It's an intermediary. In many cases, this is a minor detail because it doesn't change the outcome. However, in this case, it does change the outcome because the balloon is elastic, it can stretch under force. If the balloon were not elastic (perhaps it was made out of carbon fiber?) then the behavior of the system would be exactly what you expect: apply force to stop the balloon, it immediately stops the balloon and water.
Incidentally, that immediate stopping of water has a name: water hammer. You can hear it in many houses (especially old ones) when you turn the water on in a bathroom and then suddenly turn it off. While the water was flowing, it had momentum. When you suddenly turn off the faucet, the water has nowhere to go, but it still has momentum. It crashes into the pipes it was flowing through (often moving them visibly), making a loud "bang" noise, and potentially doing damage to the pipes! Thank goodness our balloon is more friendly than that!
So with our elastic balloon, we have to use the laws governing how elastic materials work. The amount of force they can exert is proportional to how stretched they are. So at the moment when you stop the balloon it can't exert much force at all; it's barely stretched enough to hold the water inside it. Accordingly, while you may be able to put a large amount of force into stopping the outside of the balloon, the balloon cannot put any more force into the water than it's current level of stretchedness permits. If this is not enough to stop the water (as in your example), then the water continues moving forward, according to Newton's first law. This motion stretches the balloon, permitting it to exert more force on the water. This process continues until the balloon is stretched enough to fully slow down the water to a stop. (Then, most likely, the balloon will release all of that energy it stored in stretching, moving the water in the other direction!)
What makes the balloon interesting is that the water can take on any shape that is convenient. It could just push right into the front side of the water balloon like a bowling ball pushing against a spring. However, it turns out that is not the most efficient way for the water to move. Because the water can change shape, some of the water near the back of the balloon can actually move outwards. This is where Newton's first law gets interesting with respect to fluids. By Newton's first law, the center of mass of the water must move forward unless resisted by an external force. One way to do that is to have the entire slug of water move forward, but another way is to have the water start spreading out. If the back of the water moves forward and outwards, the center of mass is still moving forward, so Newton's laws are still being obeyed.
So what shape does the water take? Well, it depends on how you're applying your force. If you tug on the string backwards to slow the water balloon, the most efficient shape (minimizing stress in the balloon) will be to stretch the balloon lengthwise until the stretch is sufficient to stop the forward motion of the water. On the other hand, if you were to drop the water balloon on a flat surface, we'd see a different stretch. The water right at the bottom of the balloon would get stopped quickly (because the force is easily transmitted through the balloon into the water), but the water behind it will start to "pile up," pushing sideways on the balloon. This will cause the balloon to assume more of a pancake shape until the balloon is stretched enough to restrain this outward motion. (or, if the balloon is too weak, it will pop!)