Why does sodium choloride in its solid state not conduct electricity, but in its aqueous solution state it conducts electricity easily?
[Physics] Why does NaCl (aq) conduct electricity but NaCl (s) does not
physical-chemistry
Related Solutions
if the electrolyte is not removed you will indeed get a buildup that will stop conduction (assuming there is no conventive or other mixing within your cell). However bearing in mind that 1 amp is $10^{-5}$ (ish) moles of electrons per second it will take a while.
In your example sodium gets reduced at the cathode then reacts with the water to produce hydrogen and sodium hydroxide. If it was silver nitrate the silver would be plated on the cathode and removed from solution.
The sodium and chloride ions actually separate in water, turning solid NaCl into Na+ and Cl- ions that can move freely through the solution. Electrons are one form of charge carriers and the most common, being that they have a net negative charge and are mobile inside of metals but free ions moving around in a solution also constitutes a current.
EDIT in response to comment: When you put two metal poles into a solution (a negative anode and a positive cathode) and turn on a battery, you are making a voltage difference between the two rods. As you may know from circuits, voltage differences are what drive currents but how this is done is what separates electrons conducting current through a wire and the ionic salt water solution. I will separate this process into numbered steps, since I got very tangled up when I was trying to think of all the mechanisms at once.
Step 1. The battery is turned on and creates a voltage difference across the electrodes. Nothing is conducting at this point and no current is flowing.
This is a tricky part that I would appreciate an answer to if someone more knowledgeable is reading this but I believe this is correct.
Electrons will accumulate on the anode, giving that rod a negative net charge and the other rod a positive net charge.
Step 2. This voltage difference (and possible excess charge accumulation) sets up an electric field in the solution. This attracts the positive Na+ ions to the negative anode, as the positive cathode attracts the negative Cl- ions. Below is a picture I found in a PDF titled 'Electrical Conduction in Solutions' that illustrates this nicely.
This is where the picture gets complicated. Simple attraction of ions is not enough to sustain a current through a solution; if nothing else were occurring in the solution besides the Na+ going to the anode and Cl- to the cathode, then once all the ions reach their respective electrodes nothing else in the solution would move.
So there is something fishy going on in the 'simple' salt water battery. Naive chemistry tells us this is the reaction that occurs when salt is dissolved in water:
NaCl(s) + H20(l) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H20(l)
A hint on what is happening comes from the unexpected sector of chlorine production. Most of the chlorine used in the world is made using the following industrial process of purifying salt water:
2 NaCl(s) + 2 H2O(l) → Cl2(g) + H2(g) + 2 NaOH(aq)
You may have noticed this yourself when one actually sets up a salt water battery: gas bubbles accumulate on both electrodes and nothing precipitates out.
Step 3. You may know that electrolysis is the process by which a current is used to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction. The non-spontaneous reactions that the battery drives are so-called 'redox' reactions, where chemical species lose or gain electrons.
In this case, the negative accumulation of electrons at the anode provides the excess electrons needed to decomposes H20 into OH- and H+:
Anode (reduction): 2 H2O(l) + 2e- → H2(g) + 2 OH-(aq)
These hydroxide ions are continuously made near the anode and the hydrogen gas bubbles out, so two of three species from the brine equation are accounted for.
Step 4a. Around the anode, we now have a concentration of negative ions (OH-) by a negative electrode. These negative ions are subject to the electric field in the solution and are repelled away from the anode and attracted to the cathode, causing OH- to migrate the cathode.
In pure water, this would be the complete picture. Water would pick up an electron at the anode, decompose into hydroxide, which would migrate to the cathode, pick up an electron and turn back into H20 and electrons would be ferried across the solution.However, the reason that pure water alone is a poor conductor is that the diffusion of OH- across the electrode gap is very slow and makes for weak conduction. This is why we need to add a source of ions, such as NaCl, to get good conduction.
Step 4b. When NaCl is added to water, it is the Cl- ions are the ones that actually reach the cathode and react to deposit their electrons:
Cathode (oxidation): 2 Cl-(aq) → Cl2(g) + 2e-
This accounts for the final species we were missing and also completed the cycle. H20 picks up electrons at the anode and the OH- atoms carry it to the cathode. At the same time, the Cl- ions that dissociated in the water move towards the cathode and deposit electrons to become a gas. Thus the net movement of electrons from anode to cathode is complete and a current can flow.
I hope this is reasonably clean and clear after my edit. Also, I am a physics student, not a chemistry student so I welcome anyone pointing out errors or missing subtleties in my explanation.
Best Answer
Usually in conductors we think of mobile charge carriers as being electrons, but in an aqueous solution they can be ions. The two different ions have different affinities for electrons and therefore end up with different, non-zero charges, which move in response to an electric field. In the crystal state, there are no free electrons, because the energy level structure of the crystal doesn't have any places for electrons to go. In order for an election to move, it has to go into a previously unoccupied energy level, because of the Pauli principle.
http://www.bandstructure.jp/Table/BAND/NaCl.html
Have a look at the energy levels for electrons in the above link. The straight horizontal line indicates how far electrons can get filled up from the bottom. Above this line the probability of finding an electron with that particular energy is essentially zero. Now, because there are no available energy levels there (the wavy lines), there are no free electrons. The lower levels are all filled up, and so if you apply a little bit of energy those electrons, the is no where for them to go, and they stay put. If you apply a lot of energy to them, to where they can start to conduct, then you further ionize the solid and no longer have NaCl.
Also, the ions are fixed in place and can't move, so no conduction takes place until you melt it.
Tl;dr: there is a band gap at the Fermi level.