[Physics] Why does evenly heating soup with a microwave take so long

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My anecdotal observations (which could be incorrect, they're totally unscientific) indicate that it takes almost as long to evenly heat a big bowl of soup in a microwave as it does to heat it on the stove – 4-5 minutes in my most recent example. Yet a plate of meat or vegetables is reheated in 30 seconds or less.

Best Answer

What makes your microwave "better" than a stove at heating things is that is rather efficient at getting the heat into your food - the wave field permeates the food and resonates with dielectric molecules, which then distribute their rotational energy to their surroundings as heat. This does not rely greatly on heat conductivity inside the food since it is heated locally.

On a stove, all the heat comes from the burner below and somehow has to get to your food - first by transfer from the hot gas/plate to the vessel, and then from that vessel to food. This process is highly inefficient for food that is not in good thermal contact with the vessel - you get a very hot pot and warm air in the room. For water or your soup on the other hand, the thermal contact with the vessel is excellent and almost all the heat that is transferred to the vessel actually ends up in your food.

In the end, the fact that the times for microwave and stovetop heating come out close is mainly an artifact of the fact that your stove outputs much more power than the microwave - a 9000 BTU/hr burner is equivalent to about 2.6 kW, while your usual microwave outputs less than half of that) , but is a lot less efficient. For non-liquid foods, the stove is even less efficient while the efficiency of the microwave doesn't change much.