I started reading about entropy and the second law of thermodynamics.
Different sites give different definitions and meanings of this law. A few of them:
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Disorder always increases
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heat always flows from a hot to a cold object
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Unusable energy of a system always increases.
In the first one,what is really meant by disorder? What is the true meaning of disorder? Does disorder depend upon the observation of a conscious mind, or does it have a meaning even without an observer?
Also, are all these three definitions actually interconnected?
The third definition made the most sense to me;but since it is a law,can it actually be proven or is it just accepted because of experimental evidence?Can human find ways to utilize this unusable energy in an efficient way and still not increase the entropy of the system? And what does "unusable" energy mean?Aren't usable and unusable energy only significant for humans?Why does the universe even care if energy can be used or not?
I have just started understanding this topic.An answer without maths and one which gives conceptual clarity would be appreciated.
Best Answer
The second law of thermodynamics states, that the total entropy of an isolated system never decreases with time. There are a couple of details in this sentence, which are worth pointing out:
As entropy is linked to disorder by the law of Statistical Physics (see below), the first statement of yours
is equivalent to the upper definition.
Your second definition
is a consequence of the definition given above (the idea is presented below). By doing the calculation we find, that the disorder increases, if heat is transferred from the warm to the cold and that the heat transfer stops in thermal equilibrium.
Your third definition
is as well a restatement of the upper definition. However, one has to ask, how we measure the "usability" of energy. This would lead to the entropy.
In Stat. Physics entropy is defined as $$ S = k_B \cdot \ln{\Omega} $$ where $\Omega$ is the number of accessible micro-states (link to a video). In order to understand this concept think of a system with two compartments (left / right), which can exchange energy. Each compartment has 10 distinguishable particles in it and each particles has two states:
Now suppose, you are given 10 units of energy and the particles are not allowed to change the compartment. However, the energy is allowed to switch the compartment. What are possible configurations:
The basic of this logic is the law of "a priori equal probability".