[Physics] Under what conditions does a beam splitter entangle two input photons

quantum mechanicsquantum-electrodynamicsquantum-entanglement

There is a dispute on PhysicsForums related to what are the conditions necessary for two photons to be entangled by a beam splitter. Lots of references given by the forum users but they never arrive at the same conclusions. https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/quantum-entanglement-by-the-means-of-beam-splitters.852464/

Must they already be part of entangled pairs and does the beam splitter just swap the entanglement between the members of the different pairs? Can the beam splitter be used alone to entangle photons or can it entangle them only in the presence of many other elements like polarizers, wave plates, prisms, dichroic mirrors? Can the input photons be distinguishable or must they always be indistinguishable?

Best Answer

The articles by Chris Monroe describe the following situations: (1) use of an already entangled pair of photons to transfer the entanglement, resulting in ion-ion entanglement; (2) interference of photons from independent sources, A, B, not previously entangled, such that no experiment can determine from which source a particular photon originated.

Method (2) typically relies on a beam splitter; Quantum interference of photon pairs from two remote trapped atomic ions shows this clearly, with the photons from the two independent sources being mixed together at the first beamsplitter, labeled BS.

The entanglement depends on lack of which-way information. The degree of entanglement acquired in this fashion may be less than that of down-converted photon pairs. Coincidence detection is required to keep members of a given pair temporally together.

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