[Physics] Tensor product of Hilbert spaces and non-interacting particles

quantum mechanics

Consider a system of N quantum mechanical particles described on Hilbert spaces $\mathcal{H}_1,…,\mathcal{H}_N$ and with Hamiltonians $H_1,…,H_N$. The Hamiltonian operator $H_1$ acts on the Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}_1$ etc. These particles are non-interacting if the Hamiltonian of the system can be written as the sum of the Hamiltonians of each particle:
$$H=H_1+…+H_N$$

Why the Hilbert space of the combined system of these non-interacting particles is considered to be a tensor product of the Hilbert spaces of each particle?

$$\mathcal{H}=\mathcal{H}_1\otimes…\otimes \mathcal{H}_N$$

For interacting particles is it a tensor product too?

Best Answer

If the particles never did interact in the past and won't ever interact in the future, then it indeed makes not much sense to model the system as a tensor product. Keep in mind that it does not matter how long ago the interaction happened as long as the particles are not otherwise disturbed - that's one of the points of the EPR 'paradoxon'.

However, care must be taken when dealing with identical particles: They are excitations of the same underlying field and should always be considered as having interacted.

In fact, the state space of identical particles is not the tensor product, but its symmetrization (in case of bosons) or anti-symmetrization (in case of fermions), ie only entangled states are considered.

These are just my thoughts and by no means authorative - anyone who deals with such issues on a more hands-on basis probably has a better grasp of the underlying issuess...

Considering the unexplained downvote, a more technical answer to the problem:

In non-relativistic Quantum mechanics, the evolution of a system in governed by inital state and Schrödinger's equation.

If we start out in an un-entagled state and the Hamiltonian does not contain interactions between the different sub-systems, we will stay in an unentangled state and we can consider the sytems independantly.

More formally, let our inital state be

$$\psi = \psi_1\otimes...\otimes\psi_n$$

and the Hamiltonian given by

$$H = \tilde H_1 + ... + \tilde H_n$$ $$= H_1\otimes1\otimes...\otimes1 + 1\otimes H_2\otimes1\otimes....\otimes1 + ... + 1\otimes...\otimes1\otimes H_n$$

Then the state after time $\Delta t$ is given by

$$ \mathrm{e}^{-iH\Delta t}\psi = \mathrm{e}^{-i\tilde H_1\Delta t}\cdot...\cdot\mathrm{e}^{-i\tilde H_n\Delta t}\psi_1\otimes...\otimes\psi_n = (\mathrm{e}^{-iH_1\Delta t}\psi_1)\otimes...\otimes(\mathrm{e}^{-iH_n\Delta t}\psi_n) $$

where the first equality follows from $[\tilde H_i,\tilde H_j] = 0$.

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