You have to go back to see where your equation $(1)$ came from.
For one dimension the probability of particles having a velocity between $\vec v_{\rm x}$ and $\vec v_{\rm x}+ d\vec v_{\rm x}$ is given by
$$f(\vec v_{\rm x})\;d\vec v_{\rm x} =\sqrt{\frac{m}{ 2\pi kT}}\exp \left[\frac{-mv_{\rm x}^2}{2kT}\right]\,d\vec v_{\rm x}$$
The speed distribution is given by
$$f(v_{\rm x})\;dv_{\rm x} =2\,\sqrt{\frac{m}{ 2\pi kT}}\exp \left[\frac{-mv_{\rm x}^2}{2kT}\right]\,dv_{\rm x}=\sqrt{\frac{2m}{ \pi kT}}\exp \left[\frac{-mv_{\rm x}^2}{2kT}\right]\,dv_{\rm x}$$
the factor $2$ being there because the speed (magnitude) of $\vec v_{\rm x}$ is the same as that of $-\vec v_{\rm x}$.
This is in agreement with your equation $(3)$.
Equation $(1)$ came from the idea that in three dimensions there is no preferred direction so
$f(\vec v_{\rm x},\vec v_{\rm xy},\vec v_{\rm z})\,d\vec v_{\rm x}d\vec v_{\rm y}d\vec v_{\rm z} = f(\vec v_{\rm x})d\vec v_{\rm x}\,f(\vec v_{\rm y})d\vec v_{\rm y}\,f(\vec v_{\rm z})d\vec v_{\rm z}$
You now have to count all the speeds which are the same ie the magnitude of the velocity $v$ is the same where $v^2 = v^2_{\rm x}+v^2_{\rm y}+v^2_{\rm z}$.
In this three dimensional case the volume of a shell of radius $v$ and thickness $dv$ is $d\vec v_{\rm x}d\vec v_{\rm y}d\vec v_{\rm z}= 4 \pi v^2 dv$ is being considered which results in your equation $(1)$.
$$f(v) \,dv = \sqrt{\left(\frac{m}{2 \pi kT}\right)^3}\, 4\pi v^2 \exp \left[\frac{-mv^2}{2kT}\right] \,dv$$
The equivalent distribution for two dimensions with an area of a ring of radius $v$ and thickness $dv$ is $d\vec v_{\rm x}d\vec v_{\rm y}= 2 \pi v\, dv$ and $v^2 = v^2_{\rm x}+v^2_{\rm y}$ is
$$f(v) \,dv = \left(\frac{m}{2 \pi kT}\right)\, 2\pi v\, \exp \left[\frac{-mv^2}{2kT}\right] \,dv$$
Best Answer
Kinetic energy distribution $f_E(E)$ is a function that gives probability per unit energy interval.
Since kinetic energy $E$ is a function of speed, this distribution is related to speed distribution $f_v(v)$, but its value at any energy $E$ is not merely proportional to value of $f_v(v(E))$. The derivation of $f_E(E)$ from $f_v(v)$ relies on the substitution theorem from the integral calculus.
For positive speeds $v_1,v_2$ and corresponding energies $E_1=\frac{1}{2}mv_1^2, E_2=\frac{1}{2}mv_2^2$, the probability that particle has kinetic energy in the interval $(E_1,E_2)$ is the same as the probability that it has speed in the interval $(v_1,v_2)$. We transform the expression of the second probability in the following way:
$$ P = \int_{v_1}^{v_2}f_v(v)dv => (subst. theorem) => \int_{E_1}^{E_2}f_v(v(E))v'(E) dE $$ where
$$ v(E) = (2E/m)^{1/2} $$ and $v'(E)$ is derivative of this function at value $E$.
The expression of the first probability is
$$ P = \int_{E_1}^{E_2}f_E(E)dE. $$
Since we can choose $v_1,v_2$ arbitrarily close to each other, it must be
$$ f_E(E) = f_v(v(E))\frac{dv(E)}{dE}. $$
Substituting
$$ f_v(v) = \left(\frac{m}{2\pi k_BT}\right)^{3/2} 4\pi v^2 e^{-\frac{mv^2}{2k_B T}} $$
we obtain $$ f_E(E) = \left(\frac{m}{2\pi k_BT}\right)^{3/2} 4\pi 2E/m \cdot e^{-\frac{E}{k_B T}} \cdot (2/m)^{1/2}\frac{1}{2}E^{-1/2} $$
and after simplification $$ f_E(E) = \left(\frac{1}{\pi k_BT}\right)^{3/2} 2\pi \cdot E^{1/2} e^{-\frac{E}{k_B T}}. $$