evaporation
I have asked this question recently: Why does evaporation take place? and I got a satisfactory answer, that temperature is macroscopic and is the average temperature of the object.
That said, why does the stone or steel not evaporate like water over time? Some stones have been out in the sun baking for millions or even billions of years yet they haven't really evaporated (although they may have got smaller due to erosion or some other geological effect).
Why is that?
It sounds like you are basically asking about how water boiling kettles often get coated with calcium carbonate when they are used with mineral-rich water. It turns out that the calcium carbonate is actually less soluble in water at higher temperatures, and so it tends to precipitate at higher temperatures.
The minerals in the water will always be left behind. So the strict answer to your question is that the same amount of minerals will be left behind regardless of the temperature of the water or how quickly it evaporates. However, I think that the way that the calcium carbonate is deposited might depend on the temperature or the roughness of the surface.
Crystals tend to form on rough surfaces, so, if you heated the water, causing the calcium carbonate to evaporate, then it would likely to form crystals on the rough surfaces. If you let the solution evaporate at low temperature, then it would leave behind the calcium carbonate on all surfaces.
This question has a good description of the situation with the kettle: https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/4094/white-powder-observed-after-boiling-water-in-electric-kettle-for-many-weeks
At high enough pressure you can keep water as a liquid above 100°C. With even more pressure you can even keep ice above 100°C. Similarly you can boil water at room temperature with a low pressure.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_diagram)
The phase diagram of water shows what state it is in at any given temperature and pressure.
edit: To answer Phil's question. The very steep vertical line between the blue(solid) and liquid(green) at 0°C shows why pressure isn't the reason ice skates have a film of water to slide on. You would need to increase the pressure to a few kbar to get liquid at even slightly below freezing. See how far vertically you would need to go to hit the green area starting to the left of the vertical line at 0°C
It is actually the friction between the blade and the ice that creates heat which melts the surface.
Best Answer
Actually, solids have a pressure equilibrium but this pressure is in most cases very low so this is a process extremely slow.