[Physics] How do metals reflect electromagnetic radiation

absorptionelectromagnetic-radiationquantum mechanicsreflectionwaves

Microwaves, for example, can be reflected off metallic surfaces. This seems counter-intuitive, since the metal's electrons could interact with the electric field component of the EM wave and absorb it.

In fact, you can use a metal grid to polarise microwaves, and there the metal absorbs the microwaves.

So what determines whether an EM wave is absorbed or reflected and how does the reflection happen exactly (I'm assuming in terms of quantum mechanics)

Best Answer

This seems counter-intuitive, since the metal's electrons could interact with the electric field component of the EM wave and absorb it.

In quantum mechanics light is emergent from zillions of photons, and photons as quantum mechanical particles have interactions with the spill field of the lattice that composes metals and (all other solids). It so happens that in metals the optical and lower wavelengths have a high probability of being elastically scattered and thus reflected, that is why metal surfaces make good mirrors. Keeping to classical electrodynamics, this is recorded in the reflectivity of metals.

In fact, you can use a metal grid to polarise microwaves, and there the metal absorbs the microwaves.

"The metal absorbs the microwaves", not in a simple but a more complicated manner Classical elecrodynamics gives a simpler explanation for how the grid functions:

grid

Provided that the wavelength of unpolarized microwave radiation is much larger than the metal grid spacing then the microwave radiation passing through the metal grid is linearly polarized in the direction which is perpendicular to the metal grid and zero radiation is emitted with an electric field component that is parallel to the metal grid. The explanation of this observation involves a consideration of the interaction of EM radiation with the metal wires. Within the metal wires, the mobile free electrons can oscillate at the frequency of the incident microwave radiation. These oscillating electrons acts a dipole source and emit radiation in all directions except in the direction of the oscillation. The transmitted wave is thus a superposition of the incident radiation and the radiation emitted by the oscillating electrons in the wires. However, in turns out that the two sources of radiation are 180o out of phase and cancel each other for the component of the incident radiation which is parallel to the metal wires. So, if the metal grid is in a vertical position and the incident microwave radiation is vertically polarized, zero or very little radiation is propagated in the forward direction.

As the two ways of studying electromagnetism are consistent to each other, the classical framework is easier to understand than the quantum mechanical. It would involve interference effects of photons in a convoluted manner that the classical avoids. See this to understand about how interference effects appear with single photons at a time. In general classical electrodynamics is much simpler because it mathematically describes the behavior of photons with matter in a simpler way.

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