If you put an aperture in a laser beam to block some of it, I would imagine that the spot it can be focused to becomes larger due to diffraction. The numerical aperture of the system is limited by that truncation of the beam. For a regular laser focusing without an aperture, the beam diameter determines the numerical aperture, not the lens diameter.
But if the aperture becomes an infinitesimal pinhole, then it's the same as a point source emitting light. And the equation for how well resolved that point can be is defined by the airy disk using the aperture size of the lens diameter.
So as the aperture is shrunk down, do the two relationships describe different things? For example, does the NA associated with the aperture of the laser beam describe how small of a Gaussian spot can be formed, and the NA associated with the lens itself describe the size of the airy disk that all the light coming through the aperture can be condensed into?
I guess fundamentally it's just confusing because a coherent beam is usually implied to only have a NA related to the beam diameter, but after passing through an aperture it diffracts so the whole diameter of the lens is relevant in picking up and focusing the higher diffraction orders.
Or perhaps my understanding is totally messed up?
Best Answer
Aside from aberrations, the spot size that can be formed by a laser beam going through a lens system is determined by the last aperture that restricts the beam. Note that if an aperture is wider than the beam, it is not restricting the beam -- so it is necessary to look upstream for the "last" aperture to restrict the beam.