[Physics] Derivation of the De-Broglie wave relation

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I've just tried to make sense of the De-Broglie wave relation. That is what I came up with: $E=mc^2$, but $E=hf$ as well. $\lambda=vT$ so $f=\frac{v}{\lambda}$. Equating the two equations for energy you get $mc^2=h\frac{c}{\lambda}$ because for light the velocity is $c$. $mc$ is just the non-relativistic momentum so $p=\frac {h}{\lambda}$ which is the De-Broglie wave relation.
But if I didn't replace $mc=p$, $m=\frac {hc}{\lambda}$ or $m=fh$, which would imply that light does have rest mass. What would be the more rigorous derivation of the De-Broglie wave relation? Do I need to use relativistic momentum $\gamma mv$? Or is the above reasoning just simply not applicable to light?

Best Answer

$p=mc$ is NEVER true.

Like you mentioned, for a particle with relativistic velocity (v is not negligible compared to $c$), the right equation is:

$$p = \gamma m v = v\cdot \frac{m}{\sqrt{1-(\frac{v}{c})^2}} $$ Now if you try to apply it to photons, $ m=0$ and $\sqrt{1-(\frac{v}{c})^2}=\sqrt{1-1}=0$ so you get a $\frac{0}{0}$ situation - which gives us no information at all! So you can't apply this formula for photons.

But, there is another, more accurate equation:

$$E^2 = (pc)^2 + (mc^2)^2 $$

So here, for photons, $m=0$ and we get $$E^2=(pc)^2 \Rightarrow E=pc$$ Side note: that was known before Einstein, you can get this result straight from Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force.

Now, if $E=pc$, then $p=\frac{E}{c}$ , which for a single photon means $$ p = \frac{E}{c} = \frac{h\frac{c}{\lambda}}{c} = \frac{h}{\lambda} $$

I hope it helped :)

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