Let $Q(t)$ be the charge stored in a capacitor $C$ in $t$ time for alternating current.
Now, $$\displaystyle Q(t)=Q(0)+\int_{0}^{t}I(t)dt\\=Q(0)+\int_{0}^{t}I_oe^{j\omega t}dt\\=Q(0)+\frac{I_oe^{j\omega t}-I_o}{j\omega}\\=Q(0)+\frac{I(t)-I_o}{j\omega}$$
It yields, $$\displaystyle C=\frac{Q(t)}{V(t)}= \frac{Q(0)}{V(t)}+\frac{I(t)}{j\omega V(t)}-\frac{I_o}{j\omega V(t)}.$$
But, reactance of capacitor, $$\displaystyle X_c=\frac{V(t)}{I(t)}=\frac{1}{j\omega C}.$$ Constant term $\left(\frac{I_o}{j\omega}\right)$ of the integration seems to be unexpected here. What's wrong in this approach?
Best Answer
When you find the response of a linear circuit for a frequency $\omega$ you are taking the differential equations that describe it and looking for the homogeneous solution. The true response of the circuit is this homogeneous solution plus a particular solution which depends on the initial conditions. That is the missing term you found.
The particular solution is disregarded because it (in many cases) decays exponentially and you're interested in the steady-state. If you are interested in the transitory behavior, look into the Laplace Transform.