This question about whether or not it is possible to focus black-body radiation to make something hotter than the radiation's source was answered mostly negative: the second law of thermodynamics and/or the fact that etendue cannot be reduced are the reasons named.
Now, consider the following scenario:
Take an infinitely (or sufficiently) large plate as black-body radiator at temperature $T_r$. You have a power source available which is able to hold the plate's temperature constantly at this arbitrary chosen temperature.
Place a perfect parabolic mirror with its symmetry axis parallel to the plate's normal, opening toward the radiator, so that much light is focused in the focal point. If you now place a perfect black-body sphere with temperature $T_s<T_r$ at the focal point, it will absorb the energy and heat up.
Let's do an net-energy analysis. The photonic energy hitting the sphere is proportional to the geometrical cross section $A_m$ of the mirror: if the mirror is twice as large, it collects twice as much light and the sphere absorbs twice as many photons per unit time.
Since the sphere is a black-body, it emits photons in a radiation according to the Planck spectrum of $T_s$. As far as I understand, the total energy output of that radiation depends on temperature and surface area only. Since the surface is constant, $T_s$ is the only parameter.
In thermal equilibrium, the sphere will emit as much energy as it receives, and we have
$$
E_{in}(A_m) = E_{out}(T_s)
$$
We can make the left hand side arbitrarily large since we have an infinitely large plate and we can use a broader or further extended mirror.
The right hand side apparently has a limit: the energy output of the maximally reachable temperature $E_{out}(T_r)$. So, if it is really true, that the sphere cannot get hotter than $T_r$, where does the excess energy go if $E_{in}(A_m) > E_{out}(T_r)$?
Or is that a thing that can never happen? Did I make some other mistake?
Best Answer
UPDATED: I now think my previous answer was wrong, because the set up would be equivalent to the following question: Is a black body sphere inside a black body shell hotter than the shell?
Just change the question to add a carefully crafted lens that focuses all the radiation into the sphere (you could make the shell as large as you want), which of course is impossible to make or it would violate the second law.