My apologies, I won't be reading your entire question.
But still I will provide an answer. Why is that? Because flight does not require any of the things you talk about.
You could build an airplane that would fly with no "airfoil" shapes. You could build an airplane that would fly with completely flat rectangular wings made out of plywood. The important thing would be the angle of attack of the wings to the air. Consider a flat piece of wood, like plywood. Push it through the air in a direction exactly parallel to its flat dimensions and it develops no lift. Tilt the wood so the leading edge is "up" compared to the direction it is moving and you can feel the lift.
The lift can be thought of a few ways. Think of the air molecules hitting the surface of the wood. They bounce off, in a downward direction. Well if we are pushing air downward, we must have an equal and opposite force, which is the lift. Or another way: we are gathering air under the board, it gets a little pressurized. The pressure is pushing up on the wood. This is really the same picture as the first if you think about it.
All the rest with airfoils and so on, all this has to do with developing lift efficiently, developing lift while minimizing drag. An airplane with flat plywood wings would fly, but it would have a lot of drag and would therefore be very inefficient.
The Kutta condition is completely artificial.
The potential equations are completely artificial.
The potential equations are a mathematical construct we use because it's much simpler than the full Navier-Stokes set of equations. We know the Kutta condition is never actually upheld in any real flow ever. However, when we perform all of our mathematical trickery to get to the potential equations, the very nature of the equations is now changed.
In the full Navier-Stokes, we have a second order PDE. This requires 2 boundary conditions. The first is that there is no flow through the body. The second is that the tangential velocity is zero along the body (and note -- this is also not true in real life either, there is some slip velocity along bodies in real flow under some conditions). When we get the potential equations, we have a first order PDE and now we can only impose a single boundary condition -- no flow through the body.
However, lift in real life is due to viscosity. The following explanation is from the linked answer:
The reason we need the Kutta condition is purely mathematical. When the inviscid assumption is made, the order of the governing equations drops and we can no longer enforce two boundary conditions. If we look at the incompressible, viscous momentum equation:
$\frac{\partial u_i}{\partial t} + u_i\frac{\partial u_i}{\partial x_j} = -\frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial P}{\partial x_i} + \nu \frac{\partial^2 u_i}{\partial x_j \partial x_i}$
we can enforce two boundary conditions because we have a second derivative in $u$. We typically set these to be $u_n = 0$ and $u_t = 0$, implying no flux through the surface and no velocity along the surface.
Dropping the viscous term results in only having the first derivative in $u$ and so we can only enforce one boundary condition. Since flow through the body is impossible, we drop the requirement that tangential velocity be zero -- this results in the slip boundary condition. However, it is not physically correct to let this slip line persist downstream of the trailing edge. So, the Kutta condition is needed to force the velocities to match at the trailing edge, eliminating the discontinuous velocity jump downstream.
John Anderson Jr explains in Fundamentals of Aerodynamics (emphasis in text):
... in real life, the way that nature insures the that the flow will leave smoothly at the trailing edge, that is, the mechanism that nature uses to choose the flow... is that the viscous boundary layer remains attached all the way to the trailing edge. Nature enforces the Kutta condition by means of friction. If there were no boundary layer (i.e. no friction), there would be no physical mechanism in the real world to achieve the Kutta condition.
He chooses to explain that nature found a way to enforce the Kutta condition. I prefer to think of it the other way around -- the Kutta condition is a mathematical construction we use to enforce nature in our mathematical approximation.
Best Answer
Inviscid flow doesn't exist.
That's so important to understand, I'll say it again:
Inviscid flow doesn't exist!
However, we use it all the time. So what gives? It turns out that many of the effects we are interested in are viscous, but the viscous effects can be modeled various other ways. This is effectively the same type of question as Does a wing in a potential flow have lift?
Just like with a wing, we can ignore the starting problem by saying all of the initial transients and vorticity generated by viscous effects are far from the spinning cylinder. But we know circulation must be conserved, so that starting vortex that was generated by the viscous effects causes us to attach a vortex rotating in the opposite direction to the cylinder (or the wing, airfoil, etc.). This is the bound vortex that we encounter all the time in aerodynamics. It allows us to model the generation of lift around a body in an inviscid flow.
But it's really important to remember that lift does not exist without viscosity and likewise inviscid fluids do not exist! They are a mathematical construction that enables us to model phenomenon we are interested in modelling.
When we model this flow, we super-impose a vortex solution with a uniform flow solution. This gives different velocities on top and bottom and this results in different pressures and thus lift. But it only exists because we impose this vortex solution where the cylinder is. And we can do that because it is maintaining the requirement that there be zero circulation throughout the entire fluid (which includes the initial starting vortex). My very poor drawing of this for an airfoil found on my answer to why a wing has lift illustrates this:
When we solve using the potential flow equations, we essentially cut our domain along that dashed line, removing the starting vortex from the domain.
Okay, superfluids are essentially inviscid. But we're not flying through super cold helium (usually) so we can ignore that exception.