In both Griffiths and Jackson, Ampere's Law (or conversely the curl of the magnetic field) is derived by applying Stokes' Theorem to the surface integral of the current density J. The argument relies on the fact that $$I_{enc} = \int_{S} J \cdot da$$ but I am struggling to see how this could be true in general for any current density and any surface bounded by $\partial{S}$.
Of course this will be true for a straight wire passing through the center of an Amperian loop, when the vector J is parallel to the normal vector of the simplest surface enclosed by the loop, but what if the wire is angled slightly with respect to the plane? Using the same flat surface, the current enclosed will now be
$$\int_{S} I\hspace{.12cm}\delta(x)\begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \\ \end{bmatrix} \cdot \hat{n} \hspace{.12cm} da$$ which is clearly not the same value. So does Ampere's Law only account for the magnetic field produced by vectors parallel to the normal?
And my second question is this. How does Stokes' Theorem hold in the second case, where the curl is only non-zero along a single line? Wouldn't a different surface extending into a third dimension with a normal that is parallel to the current at the intersection give a different value for the surface integral, since the actual area of the surface doesn't matter? Obviously there is a serious flaw in my mathematical understanding of the material, but it isn't obvious to me.
Thanks
Best Answer
Your first equation, which is a mere definition for the current, applies to regular vector fields $\mathbf J$. It is not straightforward to apply it to Dirac delta-functions. If you consider a finite-size wire, when it is angled wrt $S$ the intersection is larger by a factor $1/\cos θ$ which compensates exactly the $\cos θ$ factor arising from the dot product.
Now for your second question. Let's start by writing the current density correctly for an infinitesimally thin wire placed along the $z$ axis (it is defined by equations $x=0, y=0$, hence the two delta-functions): $$\mathbf j=I δ(x)δ(y)\hat z.$$ Suppose the surface of integration $S$ is a rectangle in a plane $(x',y)$ that's tilted by an angle $θ$ with respect to the $(x,y)$ plane. Viewed from the side:
The normal $\mathbf n$ (along a $z'$ axis angled by $θ$ wrt $z$) has coordinates $(\sin θ,0,\cos θ)$ in the $(x,y,z)$ system. So $$\iint_S \mathbf j·\mathbf n\,\mathrm dS=\iint_S Iδ(x)δ(y)\cos θ\,\mathrm dS.$$
Then we have to express the delta-functions in $x'y$ coordinates. $y$ is unchanged. Equation $x=0$ becomes $x'\cos θ+z'\sin θ=0$, so $δ(x)$ is replaced by $δ(x'\cos θ+z'\sin θ)$. On $S$, $z'$ is always zero, so finally we have to calculate $$\iint_S Iδ(x'\cos θ)δ(y)\cos θ\,\mathrm dS.$$ Now, you should know $δ(k x')=\frac 1{|k|}δ(x')$, hence $$\iint_S Iδ(x'\cos θ)δ(y)\cos θ\,\mathrm dS=\iint_S Iδ(x')δ(y)\,\mathrm dS=I.$$ (Alternatively, express $\mathrm dS=\mathrm dx'\,\mathrm dy$ and substitute variable $x''=x'\cos θ$.)