This might be more detailed than you want; I apologize in advance.
There are two forms of friction:
static friction The force of friction exerted on an object when it is at rest.
kinetic friction The force of friction exerted on an object when it is in motion.
These two forms of friction have qualitatively properties. Specifically, the force of kinetic friction depends only on the magnitude of the normal force $F_N$ exerted on the moving object and the coefficient of kinetic friction $\mu_k$ of the surface on which it is moving. In fact, as you point at the magnitude of the force of kinetic friction as given by
$$
F_k = \mu_k F_N
$$
The force of static friction, on the other hand, changes depending on the other external forces on the object.
To understand why, think of a box sitting still on a horizontal table. The box will not feel a friction force in the absence of any other force (if it did, then it would accelerate). However, if you start exerting a small enough force on the box, it still will not move, and in this case, the static friction force is exactly counterbalancing the force you exert. If you push hard enough, however, the box will eventually start sliding. This illustrates that the static friction force can have any value between zero, and some maximum which turns out to be given by $\mu_s F_N$ where $\mu_s$ is the coefficient of static friction. Mathematically, this can be expressed by the following equation:
$$
F_s \leq \mu_s F_N
$$
where $F_s$ is the magnitude of the static friction force.
Having said all of this, let me reiterate that kinetic friction always has the magnitude $\mu_k F_N$ regardless of the state of motion of the object. If you continuously push an object with a force greater than this value, then it will keep accelerating forever. In order for the acceleration to halt, you would need to reduce the applied force so that it equals the force of static friction.
Lastly, given an applied force $F$, the acceleration of the object will satisfy Newton's second law which says that the net applied force equals the mass of the object multiplied by is acceleration;
$$
F - F_k = ma
$$
The acceleration of the object is the rate of change of its velocity, so determine the velocity as a function of time you would, in general, have to solve the following differential equation:
$$
\frac{dv}{dt} = \frac{1}{m}(F - F_k)
$$
It doesn't matter whether the object itself is moving; what matters is whether the two surfaces involved are sliding past each other. If they are sliding past each other, the friction is kinetic; in contrast, if they are not, then the friction is static.
When a wheel rolls without slipping/skidding, the part of the wheel that touches the ground does not slide along the ground, and so the friction involved is static. In contrast, when a wheel slips/skids, the part of the wheel that touches the ground slides along the ground, and so kinetic friction is involved.
Applying the above, when a car accelerates gently, the wheels do not skid, so static friction is involved. When a car "floors it" and the wheels skid, kinetic friction is involved. When a car turns gently, without skidding/drifting, static friction is involved. When a car turns quickly enough to skid/drift, kinetic friction is involved.
Best Answer
Imagine you throw a ball vertically upward against the force of gravity , the ball would move some distance vertically and then stop due to force of gravity.
When you throw the ball , you exert force on the ball which is obviously greater than gravitational pull. But after throwing the ball the force applied by you become zero , so why does the ball travel some distance and then stop?
The answer: The instant you throw the ball , it gains some acceleration due to your applied force which is indeed greater than gravitational force. Suppose the initial velocity the ball will get due to applied force is 50m/s . It will take 5 seconds to gravitational force to stop the ball ( accelration due to gravity = 10 m/s²).
This is what happens in the case described by you. Kinetic friction will take some time to stop the object since the accelration provided by you was bigger than the accelration(retardation) of kinetic friction.
Hope this helps