You are not passing theta_n and other parameters to root2d(). One fix is to make root2d a Nested Function. Also, you must choose a different initial point. phi0 = [10,10] worked for me. F(1) = (pi*sin((pi*(phi(1) + theta_n))/180)*cos((pi*phi(2))/180)*(cos((pi*theta_n)/180) + tan((pi*i)/180)*tan((pi*theta_i)/180)))/(180*sin((pi*phi(1))/180)*(cos((pi*(phi(1) + theta_n))/180)*cos((phi(2)*pi)/180) + sin((phi(2)*pi)/180)*tan((theta_i*pi)/180))^2) - (pi*cos((pi*phi(1))/180)*(cos((pi*theta_n)/180) + tan((pi*i)/180)*tan((pi*theta_i)/180)))/(180*sin((phi(1)*pi)/180)^2*(cos((pi*(phi(1) + theta_n))/180)*cos((pi*phi(2))/180) + sin((pi*phi(2))/180)*tan((pi*theta_i)/180)));
F(2) = ((cos((pi*theta_n)/180) + tan((pi*i)/180)*tan((pi*theta_i)/180))*((pi*cos((pi*(phi(1) + theta_n))/180)*sin((pi*phi(2))/180))/180 - (pi*cos((pi*phi(2))/180)*tan((pi*theta_i)/180))/180))/(sin((pi*phi(1))/180)*(cos((pi*(phi(1) + theta_n))/180)*cos((phi(2)*pi)/180) + sin((phi(2)*pi)/180)*tan((theta_i*pi)/180))^2);
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