The libstdc++ library shipped with Ubuntu 18.04 may be older and may not contain the required GLIBCXX version that MATLAB requires.
To resolve this issue you may upgrade the libstdc++ libraries by running the following command as they appear:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install gcc-4.9
sudo apt-get upgrade libstdc++6
OR
Use MATLAB's libraries by setting the environment variable:
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/MATLAB/R2018b/sys/os/glnxa64
Then attempt to open MATLAB again.
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