a) Are there 32bit runtime libraries for Linux (newer than 2012a)?
No. (Although the System Requirements documentation for R2012b is ambiguous about 32 bit Linux support, both saying it does not exist and implying in a header that it does.)
b) Can we use older runtime libraries
No. The runtime library must match the version compiled with.
c) Can we use the 64bit runtime libraries with our 32bit application
No.
d) Do we just have to dig deep and compile our software to 64bit?
Probably :(
I would be surprised if the R2012a runtime libraries supported HG2 (which became the default in R2014b.) I know that some of the versions before R2014b had hidden support for HG2 as they went through a testing phase, but I don't think it was there as early as R2012a.
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