I need to get significant data in vector contain 300*1 values
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It's called Principal Components Analysis. If you have only one component - your signal value in your 1-D array - then how could you have multiple components? You can't - you have only one.
That said, you may well have significant data in there, like the elements have either high or low values, and not many with in between values. But you wouldn't really call the high and low values"components".
Eigenfaces are eigenvectors. When performing principal component analysis (PCA) on a set of images showing human faces, the principal directions or the components that span the space are called the eigenfaces instead of eigenvectors because the underlying data are faces... its just another name.
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