By default the plot should have a set of axes with a labeled set of tick marks on the bottom and the left. The example below explains how this can be done for both the X and Y axes with different Tick labels on all four sides.
plot(1:10);
ax1=gca;
ax2 = axes('Position', get(ax1, 'Position'),'Color', 'none');
set(ax2, 'XAxisLocation', 'top','YAxisLocation','Right');
set(ax2, 'XLim', get(ax1, 'XLim'),'YLim', get(ax1, 'YLim'));
set(ax2, 'XTick', get(ax1, 'XTick'), 'YTick', get(ax1, 'YTick'));
OppTickLabels = {'a' 'b' 'c' 'd' 'e' 'f' 'g' 'h' 'i' 'j' 'k'}
set(ax2, 'XTickLabel', OppTickLabels,'YTickLabel',OppTickLabels);
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