I have been intrigued for a long time by the formal similarity of results from different areas of mathematics. Here are some examples.
Set theory Given a map $f:X\to Y$ and subsets $X' \subset X, Y'\subset Y$, we have $$f(f^{-1}(Y')\cap X')=Y'\cap f(X')$$
Ringed spaces Given a morphism of ringed spaces $f:X\to Y$, an $\mathcal O_X$-module $\mathcal F$ and a locally free module of finite type $\mathcal L$, we have
$$f_\ast(f^\ast{\mathcal L}\otimes_{\mathcal O_X} \mathcal F)=\mathcal L \otimes_{\mathcal O_Y} f_{\ast}\mathcal F$$
Topology Consider a proper continuous map of connected oriented manifolds $f:X\to Y$, then for $x\in H^\ast _c(X,\mathbb Z)$ and $y\in H^\ast _c(Y ,\mathbb Z)$ we have (Dold, p.314)
$$ f_!(f^\ast y . x)=y. f_!(x)$$
Chow rings Given a proper map $f:X\to Y$ between nonsingular algebraic varieties and cycle classes $a\in CH^\ast(X), \beta \in CH^\ast(Y)$ we have
$$ f_\ast(f^\ast \beta . \alpha)=\beta. f_\ast(\alpha) $$
K-theory Given a proper morphism of finite Tor dimension $f:X\to Y$ between schemes (and assuming $X$ and $Y$ have suitable ample line bundles), Quillen proved in his fundamental article on higher K-theory (Springer LNM 341, page 126) that for $x\in K_0(X)$ and $y\in K'_0(Y)$
$$f_\ast(f^\ast y . x)=y. f_\ast (x) $$
Derived categories Given a ring morphism $f:R\to S$, a bounded above complex $A$ of $R$-modules and a complex $B$ of $S$-modules we obtain in $\mathbb D(R)$ (Weibel, p.404)
$$ f_\ast(\mathbb L f^\ast( A) \otimes_S^{\mathbb L} B)=A \otimes_R^{\mathbb L} (f_\ast B)$$
The question Of course I'm well aware that there are strong links between say K-theory and Chow rings and that the examples of projection formulas are not independent. What I would like to know is whether there is some general context of which these examples could be said to be illustrations, even if not particular cases in the strict sense. An analogy would be that Grothendieck's Galois theory explains the similarity between the traditional Galois theory of fields and the theory of covering spaces although it is not true that the general theory of topologiclal coverings is a special case of Grothendieck's results.
Edit After seeing several comments and an answer, I'd like to clarify my question. It is not principally to find a general formulation of which all those results would be a special case (although that certainly would be nice). But rather to know if there is a powerful, presumably tough, result or theory which would imply a good deal of the examples mentioned above. Perhaps a bit like K-theory used for Riemann-Roch , Bott periodicity, classification of vector bundles…
Best Answer
There is a very nice article by Peter May et al. which is all concerned with this question:
The article cleanly identifies three different flavors of Grothendieck's "yoga of six operations". One is the "Grothendieck context" which is governed by the projection formula for $f_\ast$ and another is the "Wirthmüller context" which all revolves around the projection formula involving $f_!$. I have extracted some aspects at: http://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/Wirthmueller+context
The projection formula for $f_!$ is equivalent to the statement that the strong monoidal functor $f^\ast$ is also a strong closed functor.
This setup, an adjoint triple $(f_! \dashv f^\ast \dashv f_\ast)$ between symmetric closed monoidal categories (or derived categories, $\infty$-categories) such that $f^\ast$ is strong monoidal and in addition the projection formula aka Frobenius reciprocity aka strong closedness holds turns out to be a fundamental notion way beyond the geometric context in which Grothendieck-Verdier duality was originally and is still traditionally considered. Indeed, this is precisely the setup that logicians/type theorists would call dependent linear type theory, it turns out. That may or may not seem illuminating to you (I don't know) but it shows in a way just how "foundational" this phenomenon is.