As the question suggests, what is the intuition behind the Kodaira Vanishing Theorem? The Kodaira Vanishing Theorem says that the cohomology groups $H^q(M, L \otimes K_M)$ vanish for $q \ge 1$ when $L$ is a holomoprhic line bundle over a compact complex manifold $M$ and $L$ admits a Hermitian metric whose curvature form is positive definite. Here, $K_M$ denotes the canonical line bundle.
[Math] Intuition behind the Kodaira Vanishing Theorem
ag.algebraic-geometrycharacteristic-classescomplex-geometrydg.differential-geometry
Best Answer
Here are some thoughts. For simplicity I will call a line bundle positive if it admits a metric as you described.
According to Serre's vanishing theorem for any (fixed) coherent sheaf $F$, the sheaf $F\otimes L^m$ has no higher cohomology for $m\gg 0$. So as a first approximation you could consider Kodaira's vanishing theorem as a more precise version of that in the case when $F$ is the canonical line bundle.
It might also help to look at examples.
As Adam points out, the statement is trivial for curves: Using Serre duality the (correct) statement is equivalent to $$ H^q(M, L^{-1}) =0 \text{ for } q<\dim M. $$ So if $\dim M=1$, then this only says that $H^0(M, L^{-1}) =0$ (which is obvious).
One can also look at the cohomology of line bundles on a projective space. In that case the canonical line bundle is just $\mathscr O_{\mathbb P^n}(-n-1)$ and that's exactly so to speak the "breaking point" where the cohomology groups start behaving differently.
As an alternative, one could say that Kodaira's vanishing theorem is a vast generalization of the behaviour of the cohomology of line bundles on projective spaces.
Next, as an exercise, you should do the same comparison for complete intersections. You will find two things: