People today in algebraic geometry will typically define a moduli space to be the space which represents the functor of families of whatever object they are interested in studying.
However, I am fairly certain that moduli spaces in algebraic geometry have been around for much longer than functors have. So my questions are:
How did algebraic geometers define moduli spaces before functors? Was there a precise definition they employed? Or was it more informal i.e. "Difficult to define, but we'll know one when we see one"? If there wasn't a precise definition, then how could they employ moduli spaces in actual proofs?
Best Answer
I will give an answer, but first I would like to clarify the question. It seems to me that most commenters have misinterpreted the question. The question is not how people managed to construct different examples of moduli spaces before they had the tool of the language of functors. The question is the following: A moduli space is supposed to be a space whose points are in bijection with the isomorphism classes of some type of object. But it's not just that; for, if we only needed to find a bijection, then the sets would merely need to have the same cardinality. But we need more: namely, we need the geometry of the space to somehow reflect the nature of the objects in a "natural way." Now, we may have an intuitive idea of what this means, and in many cases we might be able to recognize when some space is not just in bijection with a class of objects but actually has geometry that reflects those objects. But the question is: how can we precisely state what this means?
Nowadays, we have the language of functors and functor of points, and we look not just at a single set, but at isomorphism classes of the given type of object over arbitrary bases, given a functor. We then say that a space is a moduli space for those objects if it represents that functor (or represents it up to isomorphisms - the coarse vs fine distinction is not too relevant for this discussion); note that now, this determines not only the set of points of our space, but it actually (by Yoneda's lemma) determines the geometry of our space.
So the question is the following: before the notion of functors and functor of points, how did people rigorously define what it meant for the geometry of the moduli space to reflect the geometry nature of the set of isomorphism classes of objects to be parametrized. I should add that this is a question that I have been curious about myself for a long time.
Now, according to Newstead's text Introduction to Moduli Problems and Orbit Spaces,
This book (at least the edition I'm looking at) was written in 1977, which gives some perspective on this statement.
In the ensuing chapter, Newstead goes on to define a family of objects parametrized by a variety. The definition is quite simple: it is a morphism of varieties $X \to S$ such that the fiber of any point $s$ of $S$ (i.e. its pre-image in $X$) is an object of the type in question. Even if one does not have the language of functors, my guess is that this idea could motivate a more precise notion of what a moduli space is.
János Kollár's draft book on moduli spaces also gives some hints:
The first sentence suggests that there was not a precise definition of moduli space in classical literature. It also suggests a natural idea leading to the functor of points, i.e. that over a field k, we might want to look and objects parametrized over different field extensions of k.
In general, as you can see from the history mentioned in his text, people didn't necessarily have precise definitions of moduli spaces, but they did understand that the geometry (well, the parameters) of the moduli space should correspond to the coefficients of the defining equations of the objects in question to be parametrized.
Finally, in Dieudonné's Historical Development of Algebraic Geometry, the author states on p.837
While this doesn't answer the question, it might be of interest to note that Dieudonné later notes in his section on Grothendieck's functor of points
suggesting slightly that there was no general meaning before this point.
That's the best I can do for now. An expert in the history of algebraic geometry might have more to say, but the sources I have seem to point in the direction of saying that there was not a precise definition until much later