There are many "homotopy fiber bundles" which are not fibrations. For example take any homotopy equivalence $E \to B$ that is not a fibration, then it is a "homotopy fiber bundle" with a one-point fiber.
On the other hand the other implication is (almost) true. The following works for Hurewicz fibrations. I don't whether it is true that a fiber of a Serre fibration between CW-complexes has a homotopy type of a CW-complex. If this is the case, then the proof works also for Serre fibrations.
Let $\pi : E \to B$ be a Hurewicz fibration between CW-complexes and $x \in B$. CW-complexes are locally contractible, so there is a contractible neighborhood $U$ of $x$. Let $\pi_U : E_U \to U$ be the restriction of $\pi$ to $U$. If $E_x$ is the fiber of $\pi$ at $x$, then the inclusion $E_x \to E_U$ is a pullback of the inclusion $\{x\} \to U$ along a Hurewicz fibration, so it is a homotopy equivalence and admits a homotopy inverse $f : E_U \to E_x$. Thus $(\pi_U, f) : E_U \to U \times E_x$ is a homotopy equivalence over $U$.
Edit: I have added some definitions and details to my answer.
In the most general form I can find, your third question is a consequence of two results regarding cell-like maps and fine homotopy equivalences. It is closely related to and makes use of Chapman's celebrated theorem on topological invariance of Whitehead torsion.
Firstly, a cell-like map is a map which is proper, and whose fibres are all cell-like spaces. A compact metric space is called cell-like if it is "shape contractible" in the sense of having trivial (Borsuk) shape. Secondly, a map $f:X\to Y$ is a fine homotopy equivalence if, for any open cover $\mathcal{U}$ of $Y$, $f$ has a homotopy inverse $g$, and corresponding homotopies to the two identity maps which both follow paths never leaving some open in $\mathcal{U}$. Finally, recall that ANR abbreviates absolute neighbourhood retract. Importantly, and to avoid piling up qualifiers, all ANRs in this answer will be implicitly assumed metric and separable. A good example of a (metric separable) ANR is a locally finite, countable CW-complex.
The main theorem in the article "Mappings between ANRs that are fine homotopy equivalences" by William Haver implies that any cell-like map between locally compact ANRs is a (proper) fine homotopy equivalence. In that article, a cell-like map would be called a proper $UV^\infty$-map instead.
On the other hand, corollary 3.2 in the article "The homeomorphism group of a compact Hilbert cube manifold is an ANR" by Steve Ferry implies that any proper fine homotopy equivalence between locally compact ANRs is a simple homotopy equivalence. The proof of this result by Ferry uses the theory of Hilbert cube manifolds, via the following facts: (1) a proper fine homotopy equivalence between Hilbert cube manifolds is approximable by homeomorphisms (as proved by Ferry in the article cited above), and (2) the product of a locally compact ANR with the Hilbert cube is a Hilbert cube manifold (by a result of Robert Edwards). Finally, it uses Chapman's results on the topological invariance of Whitehead torsion.
In any case, putting together the two results stated above, we conclude the following.
Any cell-like map between locally finite, countable CW-complexes is a simple homotopy equivalence.
To relate this to the actual question, first observe that simple homotopy type is not defined for every space. In the greatest generality I am aware of, it is definable for locally compact ANRs. Then being simple homotopy equivalent to a point is equivalent to being a compact contractible ANR. Since such a space is necessarily cell-like, we obtain the following answer to your last question.
Let $f:X\to Y$ be a proper map between locally finite, countable CW-complexes. Assume each fibre of $f$ is a contractible ANR, i.e. has trivial simple homotopy type (since the fibres are compact). Then $f$ is a cell-like map. By the above result, $f$ is a simple homotopy equivalence.
That is the most general statement I can find. If you only care about the case of finite CW-complexes, then the result admits a formulation with fewer classifiers, and was also proved a few years earlier. For example, it is stated explicitly as a theorem in page 17 of the article by Lacher cited below.
If $f:X\to Y$ is a cell-like map between compact ANRs, then $f$ is a simple homotopy equivalence. In particular, if $f:X\to Y$ is a map between finite CW-complexes whose fibres are all contractible ANRs, then $f$ is a simple homotopy equivalence.
Finally, two nice overviews of the theory of cell-like maps and related topics are:
Moreover, the first part of the article by Lacher contains an interesting exposition of theorems of Vietoris-Begle type, much like the ones mentioned in the question. It might be a good place to start looking for a general theory of such results.
Best Answer
In his paper
MR0087106 (19,302f) Smale, Stephen A Vietoris mapping theorem for homotopy. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 8 (1957), 604–610.
Smale proved the following theorem:
Theorem : Let $X$ and $Y$ be connected, locally compact separable metric spaces. Assume also that $X$ is locally contractible. Consider a proper surjective continuous map $f : X \rightarrow Y$. Assume that for all $y \in Y$, the space $f^{-1}(y)$ is contractible and locally contractible. Then $f$ is a weak homotopy equivalence.
To see how this fits into your situation, remember that (for instance) finite CW complexes are locally compact and locally contractible. So you need to impose conditions on the fibers to ensure that they are also locally contractible.