I'd recommend first that you and your friend spend more time with Tits :), "Reductive groups over local fields", from the Corvallis volume (free online, last time I checked). Undoubtably there are other references, like papers of Prasad-Raghunathan mentioned by Greg Kuperberg, and any paper that treats Bruhat-Tits theory for unitary groups. I'll try to provide a background/basic treatment here.
You're certainly used to Bruhat-Tits theory for $SL_2$, or at least for $PGL_2$, over $Q_p$, where one encounters the $(p+1)$-regular tree. As you know, $PGL_2(Q_p)$ acts on this tree, and the stabilizer of a point is a maximal compact subgroup that is conjugate to $PGL_2(Z_p)$, and the stabilizer of an edge is an Iwahori subgroup. This I assume is a familiar picture.
To understand the "special point" subtleties, you should first think about a group like $G=SU_3$ -- the $Q_p$-points of a quasisplit form of $SL_3$, associated to an unramified quadratic field extension $K/Q_p$ with $p$ odd. Let $S$ be a maximal $Q_p$-split torus in $G$. Then $S$ has rank one, though the group $G$ has absolute rank two. It follows that the Bruhat-Tits building for $SU_3$ is again a tree, though not as simple as the $SL_2$ case. In fact, in this unramified situation, the building can be seen as the fixed points of the building of $G$ over $K$ (which is the building of $SL_3$), under the Galois involution.
Now, one must think about the relative roots of $G$ with respect to $S$ -- i.e., decompose the Lie algebra of $G$ with respect to the adjoint action of $S$. There are four eigenspaces with nontrivial eigenvalue -- these are the root spaces for the relative roots which I'll call $\pm \alpha$ and $\pm 2 \alpha$. The root spaces ${\mathfrak g}_{\pm \alpha}$ are two-dimensional.
Now, let $A$ be the apartment of the building associated to $S$ -- $A$ is a principal homogeneous space for the one-dimensional real vector space $X_\bullet(S) \otimes_Z R$. After choosing a good base point (a hyperspecial base point, using the fact that $K/Q_p$ is unramified), $A$ may be identified with $X_\bullet(S) \otimes_Z R$ and the affine roots are functions of the form $\pm \alpha + k$ and $\pm 2 \alpha + k$, where $k$ can be any integer.
Let $h$ be a generator of the rank 1 $Z$-module $X_\bullet(S)$, so that $\alpha^\vee = 2 h$, and $A = R \cdot h$. The affine roots are given by:
$$[\pm \alpha + k](r h) = r + k, [\pm 2 \alpha + k](r h) = 2r + k.$$
The vanishing hyperplanes of these affine roots are the points:
$$r h : r \in \frac{1}{2} Z.$$
These are the vertices of the building, contained in the apartment $A$.
Now consider a vertex $nh$, where $n$ is an integer. The affine roots $\pm (\alpha - n)$ and $\pm (2 \alpha - 2n)$ vanish at the vertex $n$. The gradients of these affine roots are the roots $\pm \alpha$ and $\pm 2 \alpha$. These are all of the roots in the original (relative) root system. That's why these vertices are hyperspecial vertices.
On the other hand, consider a vertex $(n + \frac{1}{2}) h$, where $n$ is an integer. The affine roots vanishing at this vertex are $\pm (2 \alpha - 2n - 1)$. The gradients of these affine roots are the roots $\pm 2 \alpha$. These are not all of the original roots, but all original roots are proportional to these roots. You can see how this phenomenon requires the setting of a non-reduced root system to happen. These "half-integral" vertices are special points, since the original root system does not occur in the system of gradients, but it does up to proportionality. At these special (but not hyperspecial) points, the Bruhat-Tits group scheme underlying the parahoric has special fibre with reductive quotient isomorphic to $PGL_2$ (I think... or is it $SL_2$) over the residue field. At the hyperspecial points, the group would be a quasisplit $SU_3$ over the residue field.
If it's not clear from above, a special point in the building occurs where the set of gradients of affine roots vanishing at that point is equal, modulo proportionality, to the set of relative roots. That's the general definition.
Hope this helps - see Tits for more.
The subject is really way too big (as are so many others of course). I worry a lot about students not in Cambridge or Chicago or Stanford or other places where there are people with folklore at their fingertips. For spectral sequences as a tool, there is a lot to be said for McCleary's guide. Kate Ponto and I just published a book this year, More Concise Algebraic Topology, that may be usable for localizations and completions (just the old-fashioned localize or complete at a set of primes) and that also gives a reasonable start on model categories. Even with that limited scope, the book is much longer than we would like: there were just too many basic details and tools not well enough documented in the literature. There are quite a few other books that go into one or another aspect of the subject (Goerss-Jardine, Neisendorfer, Strom, or, earlier, Whitehead), but it is not to be expected that a single source will cover the ground.
Best Answer
My first recommendation would be Oxley's Matroid Theory. The second edition was just released this year (19 years after the original), so this is a very 'modern' textbook.
Another option would be Welsh's Matroid Theory. This is an older book (it predates even Oxley's first edition), but is nicely written with a more geometric flavour. Also, I just found out that Welsh's book recently became available as a Dover paperback, so it's very cheap if you want to buy it.