Here are some examples of compact homogeneous 3 manifolds for different Thurston geometries:
(1) Spherical: $\mathbb{S}^3 \cong \mathrm{SU}_2$ modulo any finite subgroup
(2) Euclidean: 3 torus $\mathbb{R}^3/\mathbb{Z}^3$
(3) $\mathbb{S}^2 \times \mathbb{R}$: 2 sphere times a circle $ S^2\times S^1 \cong (SO_3/SO_2) \times SO_2 $ or projective plane times a circle $ \mathbb{RP}^2 \times S^1 \cong (SO_3/O_2) \times SO_2 $
(4) Nil: Take the three dimensional real Heisenberg group, which is just the group of upper triangular $3\times 3$ real matrices with all 1s on the diagonal, and mod out by the subgroup with integer entries. This quotient is called the "Heisenberg nilmanifold." This is an iterated principal circle bundle like all compact nilmanifolds in any dimension (https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.06585).
(5) $\widetilde{\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb{R})}$: $ SL_2(\mathbb{R}) $ mod a Fuchsian surface group gives a unit tangent bundle (a type of circle bundle) over a hyperbolic surface.
Now I want to find examples for the other 3 geometries of a matrix group $ G $ mod some cocompact subgroup $ H $ whose quotient is a 3 manifold with the desired geometry.
(6) Sol: Could someone suggest a $ G $ and an $ H $ such that $ G/H $ is a compact 3 dimensional manifold with Sol geometry? (EDIT: this is answered here https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/4317139/bianchi-classification-of-solvable-lie-groups-and-cocompact-subgroups )
(7) $ \mathbb{H}^2 \times R $: Could someone suggest a $ G $ and an $ H $ such that $ G/H $ is a compact 3 manifold with $ \mathbb{H}^2 \times R $ geometry ?
(8) Hyperbolic $ \mathbb{H}^3 $: Could someone suggest a $ G $ and an $ H $ such that $ G/H $ is a compact hyperbolic 3 manifold?
(EDIT: As Moishe Kohan states in his answer every compact homogeneous 3 manifold is either $ G/H $ for $ G $ 3 dimensional and $ H $ discrete (which covers my examples here for all geometries except $ S^2 \times R $) or if it is not of this form then it must be a fiber bundle of the following sort: either a bundle of circles over a sphere/projective plane/torus/klein bottle or a bundle of sphere/projective plane/torus/klein bottle over a circle)
Best Answer
This is an answer to questions 7 and 8 (I have to say, having 8 questions in one post is way too much for my taste):
This can be derived, for instance, from Theorem C in
G. D. Mostow, A structure theorem for homogeneous spaces. Geom. Dedicata 114 (2005), 87–102.
Mostow's theorem provides the most complete, to my knowledge, description of smooth connected homogeneous manifolds: Mostow describes them as iterated fiber bundles with homogeneous fibers where, with exception of one of the fibrations, the fibers of the bundles are diffeomorphic to quotients of connected Lie groups by discrete subgroups. When you translate this into the setting of 3-dimensional homogeneous manifolds, this becomes the statement that a homogeneous connected 3-manifold $M$ is either diffeomorphic to $G/\Gamma$ where $G$ is a connected Lie group and $\Gamma< G$ is discrete, or $M$ is a fiber bundle whose base and fiber are either circle and a surface of Euler characteristic $\ge 0$ or vice-versa. In the case of hyperbolic 3-manifolds (of finite volume) and compact $H^2\times {\mathbb R}$-manifolds neither type is possible. For instance, a fibration of one of the above types is ruled out by the fact that $\pi_1(M)$ is not (virtually) solvable. To rule out a representation of $M$ as a quotient $G/\Gamma$, where $G$ is a 3-dimensional connected Lie group and $\Gamma< G$ is discrete, one observes that, for the same algebraic reason, $G$ has to be locally isomorphic to $SL(2, {\mathbb R})$. But in this case, $M$ is a manifold which admits the $\widetilde{SL}(2, {\mathbb R})$-geometry, which is known to be incompatible with a hyperbolic structure of finite volume and with a $H^2\times {\mathbb R}$-structure in the case of compact manifolds.
For the sake of completeness:
The classes of noncompact manifolds of finite volume of the types $H^2\times {\mathbb R}$ and $\widetilde{SL}(2, {\mathbb R})$ are indistinguishable topologically.)
"Most" quotients of ${\mathbb H}^3$ by torsion-free discrete subgroups cannot be diffeomorphic to quotients of $\widetilde{SL}(2, {\mathbb R})$ by discrete subgroups. The exceptions all have free fundamental groups or fundamental groups isomorphic to ${\mathbb Z}^2$ or to the fundamental group of the Klein bottle.