[Math] Chebyshev’s bias-conjecture and the Riemann Hypothesis

analytic-number-theorynt.number-theoryprime numbersriemann-hypothesis

Chebyshev's bias-conjecture that says "there are more primes of the form 4k + 3 than of the form 4k + 1" and the Riemann Hypothesis are equivalent? That means, one implies the other (if and only if)?

Best Answer

Chebyshev made the following assertion, which is interpreted as saying that there are more primes of the form $4n+3$ than of the form $4n+1$: $$ \lim_{x\to\infty} \sum_{p\ge3} (-1)^{(p-1)/2} e^{-p/x} = -\infty. $$ It was proved by Hardy/Littlewood and Landau that this assertion is equivalent to the generalized Riemann hypothesis for the Dirichlet $L$-function $$ L(s,\chi_{-4}) = 1 - 3^{-s} + 5^{-s} - 7^{-s} + 9^{-s} - 11^{-s} + \cdots $$ corresponding to the nonprincipal character (mod 4).