John Cremona has some explicit code for calculating the 2-torsion points of curves in the general Weierstrass [a1,a2,a3,a4,a6] format, and part of that formula is finding rational roots to the cubic equation
(1) $ P(x,[W]) = 4(x^3+e_{a2}x^2+e_{a4}x+e_{a6})+(e_{a1}x+e_{a3})^2)$
where [a1,a2,a3,a4,a6] are from the Weierstrass form W.
If you stick in a curve of the form [0,a,0,b,0] then (1) becomes
(2) $4x^3 + 4ax^2 + 4bx = 0$ (to find the 2-torsion points)
and it is easy to see that $x=0$ is one torsion point. The other 2 are the quadratic roots of $x^2 + 4ax + b$ which need to be rational, if three 2-torsion points are to be found.
However if we use the Tate form above of $[1-c,-b,-b,0,0]$ and stick it into (1) we derive
(2) $P(x,b,c) = 4x^3 + (c^2 - 2c + (-4b + 1))x^2 + (2bc - 2b)x + b^2$
and we want rational roots of this cubic for x.
Maxima tells us that the 3 roots of this cubic in [b,c] is
$x_1=\left({{-1}\over{2}}-{{\sqrt{3}\,i}\over{2}}\right)\,\left({{b\,
\sqrt{-b\,\left(c^4-3\,c^3+\left(3-8\,b\right)\,c^2+\left(-20\,b-1
\right)\,c+16\,b^2+b\right)}}\over{8\,3^{{{3}\over{2}}}}}+{{-{{3\,b^
2}\over{4}}-{{\left(4\,b-c^2+2\,c-1\right)\,\left(\left(c-1\right)\,
b\right)}\over{8}}}\over{6}}+{{\left(4\,b-c^2+2\,c-1\right)^3}\over{
1728}}\right)^{{{1}\over{3}}}-{{\left({{\sqrt{3}\,i}\over{2}}+{{-1
}\over{2}}\right)\,\left({{\left(c-1\right)\,b}\over{6}}-{{\left(4\,
b-c^2+2\,c-1\right)^2}\over{144}}\right)}\over{\left({{b\,\sqrt{-b\,
\left(c^4-3\,c^3+\left(3-8\,b\right)\,c^2+\left(-20\,b-1\right)\,c+
16\,b^2+b\right)}}\over{8\,3^{{{3}\over{2}}}}}+{{-{{3\,b^2}\over{4}}
-{{\left(4\,b-c^2+2\,c-1\right)\,\left(\left(c-1\right)\,b\right)
}\over{8}}}\over{6}}+{{\left(4\,b-c^2+2\,c-1\right)^3}\over{1728}}
\right)^{{{1}\over{3}}}}}+{{4\,b-c^2+2\,c-1}\over{12}}$
$x_2 = \left({{\sqrt{3}\,i}\over{2}}+{{-1}\over{2}}\right)\,\left({{b\,
\sqrt{-b\,\left(c^4-3\,c^3+\left(3-8\,b\right)\,c^2+\left(-20\,b-1
\right)\,c+16\,b^2+b\right)}}\over{8\,3^{{{3}\over{2}}}}}+{{-{{3\,b^
2}\over{4}}-{{\left(4\,b-c^2+2\,c-1\right)\,\left(\left(c-1\right)\,
b\right)}\over{8}}}\over{6}}+{{\left(4\,b-c^2+2\,c-1\right)^3}\over{
1728}}\right)^{{{1}\over{3}}}-{{\left({{-1}\over{2}}-{{\sqrt{3}\,i
}\over{2}}\right)\,\left({{\left(c-1\right)\,b}\over{6}}-{{\left(4\,
b-c^2+2\,c-1\right)^2}\over{144}}\right)}\over{\left({{b\,\sqrt{-b\,
\left(c^4-3\,c^3+\left(3-8\,b\right)\,c^2+\left(-20\,b-1\right)\,c+
16\,b^2+b\right)}}\over{8\,3^{{{3}\over{2}}}}}+{{-{{3\,b^2}\over{4}}
-{{\left(4\,b-c^2+2\,c-1\right)\,\left(\left(c-1\right)\,b\right)
}\over{8}}}\over{6}}+{{\left(4\,b-c^2+2\,c-1\right)^3}\over{1728}}
\right)^{{{1}\over{3}}}}}+{{4\,b-c^2+2\,c-1}\over{12}}$
and
$ x_3 = \left({{b\,\sqrt{-b\,\left(c^4-3\,c^3+\left(3-8\,b\right)\,c^2+
\left(-20\,b-1\right)\,c+16\,b^2+b\right)}}\over{8\,3^{{{3}\over{2}}
}}}+{{-{{3\,b^2}\over{4}}-{{\left(4\,b-c^2+2\,c-1\right)\,\left(
\left(c-1\right)\,b\right)}\over{8}}}\over{6}}+{{\left(4\,b-c^2+2\,c
-1\right)^3}\over{1728}}\right)^{{{1}\over{3}}}-{{{{\left(c-1\right)
\,b}\over{6}}-{{\left(4\,b-c^2+2\,c-1\right)^2}\over{144}}}\over{
\left({{b\,\sqrt{-b\,\left(c^4-3\,c^3+\left(3-8\,b\right)\,c^2+
\left(-20\,b-1\right)\,c+16\,b^2+b\right)}}\over{8\,3^{{{3}\over{2}}
}}}+{{-{{3\,b^2}\over{4}}-{{\left(4\,b-c^2+2\,c-1\right)\,\left(
\left(c-1\right)\,b\right)}\over{8}}}\over{6}}+{{\left(4\,b-c^2+2\,c
-1\right)^3}\over{1728}}\right)^{{{1}\over{3}}}}}+{{4\,b-c^2+2\,c-1
}\over{12}}$
I really don't see a simple form here for rational roots. unless b and c take very specific values so that one of $x_1$, $x_2$ or $x_3$ become rational.
I did also consider the elliptic curve invariants $c_4$ and $c_6$ equivalency, but it means moving from a sextic to a quartic equation for the two variables (b,c --> a,b)
(continuing) after reading up a bit more on 2-isogenies and Magma defining fields, the following Magma code and results is your answer, no, there is no simple elliptic curve:
F<a,b,c>:=FunctionField(Rationals(),3);
E:=EllipticCurve([1-c,-b,-b,0,0]);
E;
Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + (-c + 1)xy - by = x^3 - bx^2 over Multivariate rational function field of rank 3 over Rational Field
E1, f := IsogenyFromKernel(E, DivisionPolynomial(E, 2));
E1;
Elliptic Curve defined by y^2 + (-c + 1)xy - by = x^3 - bx^2 + (-5b^2 + 5/2bc^2 + 5/2bc - 5b - 5/16c^4 + 5/4c^3 - 15/8c^2 + 5/4c - 5/16)x + (-3b^3 + 9/4b^2c^2 + 7/2b^2c + 10b^2 - 9/16bc^4 + 1/4bc^3 + 21/8bc^2 - 15/4bc + 23/16b + 3/64c^6 - 9/32c^5 + 45/64c^4 - 15/16c^3 + 45/64c^2 - 9/32c + 3/64) over Multivariate rational function field of rank 3 over Rational Field
f;
Elliptic curve isogeny from: CrvEll: E to CrvEll: E1
taking (x : y : 1) to ((x^4 + (-b + 1/4c^2 - 1/2c + 1/4)x^3 + (b^2 - 1/2bc^2 + 1/2b + 1/16c^4 - 1/4c^3 + 3/8c^2 - 1/4c + 1/16)x^2 + (-1/2b^2c - 3/2b^2 + 1/8bc^3 - 3/8bc^2 + 3/8bc - 1/8b)x + (3/4b^3 + 1/16b^2c^2 - 1/8b^2c + 1/16b^2)) / (x^3 + (-b + 1/4c^2 - 1/2c + 1/4)x^2 + (1/2bc - 1/2b)x + 1/4b^2) : (x^6y + (-2b + 1/2c^2 - c + 1/2)x^5y + (b^2c - b^2 - 1/2bc^3 + 3/2bc - b + 1/16c^5 - 5/16c^4 + 5/8c^3 - 5/8c^2 + 5/16c - 1/16)x^5 + (5/2bc - 5/2b)x^4y + (-1/2b^3c + b^3 + 3/8b^2c^3 - 11/8b^2c^2 - 5/2b^2c + 7/2b^2 - 3/32bc^5 + 1/2bc^4 - 17/16bc^3 + 9/8bc^2 - 19/32bc + 1/8b + 1/128c^7 - 7/128c^6 + 21/128c^5 - 35/128c^4 + 35/128c^3 - 21/128c^2 + 7/128c - 1/128)x^4 + 5b^2x^3y + (1/2b^3c^2 + 9/4b^3c - 5b^3 - 1/4b^2c^4 + 11/16b^2c^3 - 9/16b^2c^2 + 1/16b^2c + 1/16b^2 + 1/32bc^6 - 3/16bc^5 + 15/32bc^4 - 5/8bc^3 + 15/32bc^2 - 3/16bc + 1/32b)x^3 - 5b^3x^2y + (-5/4b^4c + 7/2b^4 + 1/8b^3c^3 - 9/16b^3c^2 + 3/4b^3c - 5/16b^3 + 3/64b^2c^5 - 15/64b^2c^4 + 15/32b^2c^3 - 15/32b^2c^2 + 15/64b^2c - 3/64b^2)x^2 + (2b^4 - 1/2b^3c^2 + 1/2b^3c)xy + (-b^5 + 5/8b^4c^2 - 7/8b^4c + 1/4b^4 + 1/32b^3c^4 - 1/8b^3c^3 + 3/16b^3c^2 - 1/8b^3c + 1/32b^3)x - 1/2b^4cy + (11/32b^5c - 1/16b^5 + 1/128b^4c^3 - 3/128b^4c^2 + 3/128b^4c - 1/128b^4)) / (x^6 + (-2b + 1/2c^2 - c + 1/2)x^5 + (b^2 - 1/2bc^2 + 2bc - 3/2b + 1/16c^4 - 1/4c^3 + 3/8c^2 - 1/4c + 1/16)x^4 + (-b^2c + 3/2b^2 + 1/4bc^3 - 3/4bc^2 + 3/4bc - 1/4b)x^3 + (-1/2b^3 + 3/8b^2c^2 - 3/4b^2c + 3/8b^2)x^2 + (1/4b^3c - 1/4*b^3)x + 1/16b^4) : 1)
~
~
Best Answer
We already have an accepted answer, but since i had already started an answer and was at the half of the route beyond getting the essence of the structure, i completed it now, since it may be useful in similar contexts.
On the mathematical side the situation is as follows, recalled for the convenience of the reader from the literature. Notations are as in the already cited paper:
Families of Elliptic Curves over Cubic Number Fields with Prescribed Torsion Subgroups, Daeyeol Jeon, Chang Heon Kim, And Yoonjin Lee
A further reference that should not be omitted is:
Markus Reichert, Explicit Determination of Nontrivial Torsion Structures of Elliptic Curves Over Quadratic Number Fields
In order to produce an example of a curve $E$ with torsion $\Bbb Z/18$, the Ansatz is to work with the Tate normal form, consider curves $E=E(b,c)$ parametrized by two algebraic numbers $b,c$ from a cubic number field $K$, $$ E = E(b, c)\ :\qquad y^2 + (1 − c)xy − by = x^3 − bx^2\ , $$ and arrange that the point $P = (0, 0)$ has order $18$.
For this, pick two parameters $(U,V)$ satisfying the equation for $X_1(18)$: $$ \begin{aligned} X_1(18) \ :\qquad g_{18}(U,V) &= 0\ ,\qquad\text{ where} \\ g_{18}(U,V) &:=(U-1)^2 V^2 - (U^3 - U + 1)V + U^2(U - 1) \\ &= U^3(1-V) + U^2 (V^2 -1) + U(V-2V^2) + (V^2-V)\\ &\sim_{\Bbb Q(V)^\times} U^3 - U^2(V + 1) + \frac{2V^2-V}{V-1} -V\ . \ . \end{aligned} $$ Seen as a polynomial in $U$, it has degree $3$. We set $V=t$ to be a "suitable" rational number, and the polynomial $g_{18}(U,t)$ defines a cubic field $K=\Bbb Q(\alpha_t)$ generated by some $\alpha_t$. Let me plot the connection to $X_1(18)$ explicitly: $$ g_{18}(\alpha_t,t)=0\ . $$ Then the formulas for $b,c$ are given by one and the same rational function in $(U,V)=(\alpha_t,t)$. They are: $$ \begin{aligned} b(U,V) &= -\frac {V(U - V)(U^2 + V)(U^2 -UV + V)} {(U^2 -V^2+V)(U^2 + UV -V^2 + V)^2} \ , \\ c(U,V) &= -\frac {V(U - V)(U^2 -UV + V)} {(U^2 -V^2+V)(U^2 + UV -V^2 + V)} \ . \end{aligned} $$
Warming up. We proceed as follows in the given context from above. We fix some $t$. To have a concrete example, $t$ may be specialized to $t=t_1=1/5$, as the OP does it also. Let $t'$ be its cousin, $$ t'=t_3=\frac 1{ 1-t }\ . $$ We build the corresponding field $K=\Bbb Q(\alpha)$, where $\alpha =\alpha_t$ is a suitable root of the polynomial $g_{18}(U,t)$, seen as a polynomial in $U$. Let $K'=\Bbb Q(\alpha')$ be the cousin field, where $\alpha'$ is a specific root for $g_{18}(U, t')$.
Question: Are $K$ and $K'$ isomorphic (for some good choice of $\alpha'$)?
Answer: Yes, they are, take $\displaystyle \alpha'= 1-\frac 1\alpha$.
To illustrate the situation, we consider first the sample case $t=1/5$. Sage gives this information as follows:
The sage interpreter gives after a copy+paste of the above code, together with one more line to be sure we get a clean zero:
Because of the rôle of $(\alpha,t)$ as a special value for $(U,V)$, i will use below rather $(u,v)$ pairs instead. Now the whole context can be explained structurally as follows.
Proposition: Let $F$ be a field (of characteristic $\ne 2,3$). For two parameters $b,c\in F$, $b\ne 0$, let $E_T(b,c)$ be the elliptic curve in Tate normal form $$ E_T(b, c)\ :\qquad y^2 +(1-c)xy -by = x^3 bx^2\ , $$ so that $P=(0,0)$ is a rational point on it.
For suitable ($\Delta(A,B)\ne 0$) parameters $A,B\in F$ let consider also the elliptic curve in short Weierstrass form $$ E_W(A,B)\ :\qquad y^2 = x^3 + Ax+B\ . $$ Fix $u,v$ în $F$, $u\ne 1$, so that the pair $(u,v)$ corresponds to a point on the moduli space $X_1(18)$ parametrized as mentioned above, i.e. it satisfies $$ g_{18}(u,v)=0\ ,\qquad\text{ where }\\ g_{18}(U,V)= (U-1)^2 V^2 -(U^3 -U + 1)V + U^2(U - 1)\ . $$ Then the pair $(u',v')$ with components $$ \begin{aligned} u' &= \frac 1{1-u}\ ,\\ v' &= 1-\frac 1v\ , \end{aligned} $$ is also defining a pointin the moduli space $X_1(18)$, i.e. $g_{18}(u',v')=0$. Let $\underline A$, $\underline B$ be the rational functions given by $$ \begin{aligned} \underline A(b,c) &= -\frac 1{48}\Big(\ ((c-1)^2 - 4b)^2 - 24b(c - 1)\ \Big)\ ,\\ \underline B(b,c) &= \frac 1{864}\Big(\ ((c-1)^2 - 4b)^3 - 36b(c-1)^3 + 72b^2(2c + 1)\ \Big)\ . \end{aligned} $$ Consider with a slight abuse of notation $b,c\in F$ and $b',c'\in F$, then $A,B\in F$ and $A',B'\in F$ as follows $$ \begin{aligned} b &= b(u,v)\ ,\qquad &b' &= b(u',v')\ ,\\ c &= c(u,v)\ ,\qquad &c' &= c(u',v')\ ,\\[2mm] A &= \underline A(b,c)\ ,\qquad &A' &=\underline A(b',c')\ ,\\ B &= \underline B(b,c)\ ,\qquad &B' &=\underline B(b',c')\ ,\\[2mm] &\qquad\text{ and consider the elliptic curves}\\[2mm] E_T &= E(b, c)\ , \qquad &E'_T &= E_T(b', c')\\ E_W &= E(A, B)\ , \qquad &E'_W &= E_W(A', B')\ . \end{aligned} $$ Then$$ \frac {A'}A = U^{12}\ ,\qquad \frac {B'}B = U^{18}\ , $$ so the elliptic curves $E_W$ and $E_W'$ are canonically isomorphic via a map $\Phi$, as shown in the diagram below. The functions
$\underline A$, $\underline B$ were chosen to make $E_T(b,c)$ isomorphic $E_W(A,B)$. Then the following diagram is commutative:
$\require{AMScd}$ $$ \begin{CD} E_T @>{\cong}>> E_W\\ @A{\cong} AA @A\cong A\Phi A\\ E'_T @>>\cong> E'_W \end{CD} $$ So we can compare the rational points $P=(0,0)\in E_T(F)$ and $P'=(0,0)\in E'_T(F)$ in one or any of the common worlds, e.g. in $E_W(F)$, and then $11P$ and $P'$ (or equivalently $P=5\cdot 11 P$ and $5P'$) correspond to one and the same torsion point of order (dividing) $18$. In a diagram:
$\require{AMScd}$ $$ \begin{CD} P_T @>{\cong}>> P_W=5\Phi(P'_W)=\Phi(5P'_W)\\ @. @A\cong A\Phi A\\ 5P'_T @>>\cong> 5P'_W \end{CD} $$
Proof by computer.
$\square$
Code for the proof. First let us define the needed functions, and needed objects.
Now we can check:
This gives the needed confirmations:
The last two
True
values confirm that the coordinates of $P=(0,0)=E_T(F)$ and $5P'$ where $P'=(0,0)\in E_T'$ are the same, when transported to $E_W(F)$.Note: Unfortunately, sage cannot build the needed curves over
FQ
.