In control theory and for example the scalar plant:
$\dot{x}=ax+u+d$
where $x$ is the state and $u$ is input and $d$ is disturbance
If the following control law is chosen:
$u=-kx$
where
$k\geq |a|$ and $|d|\geq d_0$
Then the steady-state value for $x$ is bounded as following:
$|x|\leq\dfrac{d_0}{k-a}$
by increasing the value of $k$ we can make the steady-state value of $x$ as small as we like. But this leads to high-gain controller which is undesirable.
My question is Why the high-gain controller is undesirable in this case and in general?
Best Answer
Because of different practical reasons:
But there are more problems with high gain. In many cases you dont really have a continous controller like in your system, but a digital. For the continous scalar system:
$$ \dot{x} = a x + u \tag{1} $$
and $u = -k x$ with $k > |a|$ you have $a - k < 0$ so the system is stable, no matter how large you take $k$ as long as its larger than $|a|$.
But if you have a digital controller, you end up with a discrete system. For example $(1)$ has the transfer function
$$ G(s) = \frac{1}{s - a} $$
which is discretized with sample-and-hold element and sample time $T$:
$$ G(z) = \frac{e^{a T} - 1}{a(z - e^{a T})} $$
Closed loop with static state feedback and gain $k$:
$$ G_c(z) = \frac{1 - e^{a T}}{k + a e^{a T} - a z - k e^{a T}} $$
This transfer function has the pole
$$ \frac{k(1 - e^{a T})}{a} + e^{a T} $$
that is outside the unit circle for large $k$. So high gain feedback can make your system unstable even if the continous system is stable, because of discretization.