Paul's Online Notes vs. James Stewart Essential Calculus Early Transcendentals
In the case of these two sources I am deeply lost whether the textbook is even right about this particular matter.
Alternating Series Test
The text book by James Stewart states on page 455, that:
If the alternating series
$$\sum_\limits{n=1}^\infty(-1)^{n-1} b_n = b_1-b_2+b_3-b_4+b_5-b_6+… b_n>0$$
satisfies
(i) $b_{n+1} \le b_n$ for all n
(ii) $\lim_\limits{n \to \infty}b_n=0$
Then the series is convergent.
However, I started to do this problem:
\begin{align}
\sum_\limits{n=1}^\infty (-1)^n \frac{n}{\sqrt{n^3+2}} &=-\frac{\sqrt{3}}3+\frac{\sqrt{10}}{5}-\frac{3\sqrt{29}}{29} && \mathbf{Given} \\
\mathbf{Condition \ 1 \ False \ (to \ my \ belief)}
\end{align}
At right then, and there I thought game over the series is divergent; however, I ended up going to Symbolab, and Wolfram Alpha, and found out that by the Alternating Series Test this series is convergent. I did some digging, and found Paul's Online Notes and it looked at the series expanded more terms and found that the first condition was valid in the long run. Is my textbook wrong or is my understanding of it wrong?
What is Wrong?
I believe the first condition is wrong in this case since it is not valid for all n.
Best Answer
Your understanding is wrong. First, and most importantly, the alternating series test (AST) says that if these conditions hold, then we can guarantee convergence. But that does not mean that in order to guarantee convergence, we need the conditions to hold or that if the conditions don't hold then the series is divergent.
Second, with any series, the behaviour does not depend on the first $N$ terms for any finite $N$. That is, if you were to change $a_0, \dots, a_N$ to whatever you want, it doesn't affect the convergence behaviour. This means that if the AST conditions hold for $n \ge $ some finite $N$ then you can guarantee convergence. This also works for any of the tests.
For example, the integral test normally says that if $a_n = f(n)$ and $f$ is decreasing then $\sum a_n$ converges if and only if $\int f$ converges. But, like with the AST, we just need $f$ to be decreasing on $(N,\infty)$.