Suppose $n$ is an odd perfect number.
How to show that it exists a prime number $p$ such that $\frac{n}{p}$ is a square number?
My idea was:
$n$ is perfect if $\sigma(n)=2n$.
Let $n=2k+1, \ k \in \mathbb{N_0}$.
Then it's $\sigma(n)=\sigma(2k+1)=\sum \limits_{d \vert n}d=1+…+d_{n-1}+d_n=2n=2(2k+1)$ with $d_1,…,d_n$ odd.
So $\frac{1+…+d_{n-1}}{p}
\Leftrightarrow\frac{2n}{2p}$.
But I don't know how to continue to show that such a $p$ exists, such that $\frac{n}{p}$ is a square number.
How can it be shown?
Best Answer
Let $n$ be an odd perfect number. We write it in the prime factor decomposition $$ n= \prod_{1\le k\le s}p_k^{a(k)}\ , $$ where there are $s$ prime numbers involved, $p_1,p_2,\dots ,p_s$, respectively to the powers $a(1),a(2),\dots,a(s)$. We build the sum of the divisors to get $$ \begin{aligned} 2n&= \sigma(n)\\ &= \sigma\left(\prod_{1\le k\le s}p_k^{a(k)}\right) \\ &= \prod_{1\le k\le s}\sigma\left(p_k^{a(k)}\right) \\ &= \prod_{1\le k\le s}\left(1+p_k+\dots+p_k^{a(k)}\right) %\\ %&= %\prod_{1\le k\le s}\frac{p_k^{a(k)-1}}{p_k-1} \ . \end{aligned} $$ What can we say about the factors in the last product. Exactly one of them is even. (And this one factor is not divisible by $4$.) So we have to examine what happens with the expression $$ 1+p+\dots+p^a $$ for an odd prime $p$, and a power $a>0$.
In our case we have exactly one even such factor, so we can already get the needed information for the OP, namely that all powers among $a(1), a(2),\dots,a(s)$ are even numbers, except for one of them, which is odd. This odd prime is the $p$ in the OP.