Step functions and Integrability

continuityintegrationstep function

Definition: A step function $g$ on $[a, b]$ is a bounded function on $[a, b]$ that has only finitely many jump discontinuities at $c_{0}, c_{1}, c_{2}, \ldots, c_{k}$ in $[a, b]$ and is constant on each interval $(c_{j-1}, c_{j})$.

Let $f$ be in $R[a, b]$. Given any $\epsilon>0$, prove that there exist step functions $g$ and $h$ such that

$i)$ $g(x) \leq f(x) \leq h(x)$, for all $x$ in $[a, b]$.

$ii)$ $0 \leq \int_{a}^{b}[f(x)-g(x)] d x<\epsilon \quad$ and $\quad 0 \leq \int_{a}^{b}[h(x)-f(x)] d x<\epsilon$.

What are the common strategies in such related problems? Working with step functions reminds me of the bounded variation and saltus functions, but for this particular scenario, there seems to be some helpful properties or lemmas that should be implemented, specifically the precise value of integral of the step functions in terms of discontinuous points.

Best Answer

If $f$ is Riemann integrable on $[a,b]$, then there exists a partition $\mathcal{P}=\{a=x_0<\ldots<b=x_n\}$ such that $$U(f,P)-L(f,P)<\varepsilon$$ where $$\begin{align} U(f,P)&=\sum^n_{j=1}M_j(x_j-x_{j-1})\\ L(f,P)&=\sum^n_{j=1}m_j(x_j-x_{j-1}) \end{align}$$ where $M_j=\sup_{x\in[x_{j-1},x_j]}f(x)$, and $m_j=\inf_{x\in[x_{j-1},x_j]}f(x)$. Define the step functions $$\begin{align} g(x)&:=\sum^n_{j=1}m_j\mathbb{1}_{(x_{j-1},x_j]}(x)\\ h(x)&=\sum^n_{j=1}M_j\mathbb{1}_{(x_{j-1},x_j]}(x) \end{align}$$

Clearly $g\leq f\leq h$, and $L(f,P)=\int^b_a g\leq \int^b_a f\leq \int^b_a h= U(f,P)$. The rest follows easily: $$\begin{align} \int^b_a (f -g)&\leq U(f,P)-L(f,P)<\varepsilon\\ \int^b_a (h -f)&\leq U(f,P)-L(f,P)<\varepsilon \end{align}$$

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