Solve $1-x = \frac{ax}{e^{ax}-1}$

lambert-wlaplace transform

I am looking for an explicit solution to the equation

$$1-x = \frac{\alpha x}{e^{\alpha x} -1}$$

I tried this with the Lambert-W function but can't get a sensible solution. How would you approach this? And does a closed form solution exist for $\alpha \neq 1$?

For Lambert-W, I can only find a solution for $\alpha = 1$ where $$x = W\left(-\frac{1}{e} \right)+1$$
(I set $\alpha = 1$ for $(1-x)e^{\alpha x}-1+x = \alpha x$ which gives $(x-1)e^{x-1} = -\frac{1}{e}$ – then I apply Lambert W and get $$x = W\left(-\frac{1}{e}\right)+1$$

Best Answer

$$1-x=\frac{\alpha x}{e^{\alpha x}-1}$$ $$(1-x)(e^{\alpha x}-1)=\alpha x$$ $$(1-x)e^{\alpha x}-1+x=\alpha x$$

Your equation is an equation of elementary functions. For rational $\alpha$, the equation is related to an algebraic equation in dependence of $x$ and $e^x$. Because the terms $x,e^x$ are algebraically independent and the equation is irreducible, we don't know how to rearrange the equation for $x$ by only elementary operations (means elementary functions). A theorem of Lin (1983) proves, if Schanuel's conjecture is true, that irreducible algebraic equations involving both $x$ and $e^x$ don't have solutions in the elementary numbers.

$$(1-x)e^{\alpha x}=\alpha x+1-x$$ $$(1-x)e^{\alpha x}=(\alpha-1)x+1$$ $$\frac{1-x}{(\alpha-1)x+1}e^{\alpha x}=1$$ $$\frac{1-x}{x+\frac{1}{\alpha-1}}e^{\alpha x}=\alpha-1$$

We see, your equation cannot be solved in terms of Lambert W but in terms of Generalized Lambert W:

$$\frac{x-1}{x+\frac{1}{\alpha-1}}e^{\alpha x}=1-\alpha$$ $$\frac{x-1}{x-\frac{1}{1-\alpha}}e^{\alpha x}=1-\alpha$$ $$x=W\left(^{\ \ \ 1}_{\frac{1}{1-a}};1-a\right)$$

The inverse relation of your kind of equations is what Mezö et al. call $r$-Lambert function. They write: "Depending on the parameter $r$, the $r$-Lambert function has one, two or three real branches and so the above equations can have one, two or three solutions"

So we have a closed form for $x$, and the representations of Generalized Lambert W give some hints for calculating $x$.

[Mező 2017] Mező, I.: On the structure of the solution set of a generalized Euler-Lambert equation. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 455 (2017) (1) 538-553

[Mező/Baricz 2017] Mező, I.; Baricz, Á.: On the generalization of the Lambert W function. Transact. Amer. Math. Soc. 369 (2017) (11) 7917–7934 (On the generalization of the Lambert W function with applications in theoretical physics. 2015)

[Castle 2018] Castle, P.: Taylor series for generalized Lambert W functions. 2018