Let's say the function is $f(t)$ which gives distance, so that the derivative is $f'(t)$ or instantaneous speed. You can think of it as follows: what speed is the car (for example) travelling at that precise moment in time. Or: if the car was to continue at the same speed, what would it be going. $f'(t)$ gives the speed at time t exactly. That is the intuition behind what a rate of change at one point means.
EDIT: So say we want to know the speed right at time $t$. We could go a little ways out to time $t+\Delta t$ where $\Delta t$ is a very small number, and see how much our distance has changed over that time interval: so take $f(t+\Delta t)-f(t)$. We have $$\text{speed}=\frac{\text{change in distance}}{\text{change in time}}$$ so the speed is $$\text{speed}=\frac{f(t+\Delta t)-f(t)}{\Delta t}$$ approximately. We can closer and closer to the exact speed at $t$ itself by making the change $\Delta t$ smaller and smaller. So the real speed is the limiting value $$\text{speed}=\lim_{\Delta t\to 0}{\frac{f(t+\Delta t)-f(t)}{\Delta t}}=f'(t)$$ Remember that limits don't tell us what the function actually reaches when $\Delta t=0$; we can make $\Delta t$ as small as we like, but it can never equal zero. The limit tells us what the function seems to be approaching as we make $\Delta t$ tend to $0$ - we infer that the speed at the point itself, if we could find it, would be that limiting value (which is, as you should notice, the derivative by definition).
EDIT2: How can the derivative be exact?
Consider the following graph: 
You are looking at the function $$f(x)=\frac{\sin x}{x}$$ This function approaches $1$ as $x$ goes to zero because $$\lim_{x\to 0}{\sin x\over x}=1$$ However, the function is undefined at $x=0$ itself.
Finding a derivative is a little like asking: if there was a point at $x=0$, what would it be? We can make $x$ get closer and closer to $0$, and the function $f$ will get closer and closer to $1$. But it will never get there exactly.
However, if there was, hypothetically speaking, a point at $x=0$ like the blue one I have drawn in, what would its y-coordinate be? Saying that "the limit of f is 1" does not mean that "the function equals 1". It means that "the function never equals 1, BUT... it gets closer and closer, and if there was a value there, it would have to be 1".
So when taking a derivative, you are working your way around a value that "could" exist, but that just doesn't work at the point itself. However, you can infer what the value must be by looking at what the function gets closer and closer to - in other words, by taking the limit. The exact limit.
Best Answer
When I think about the 2nd derivative, I imagine the tangent line to the curve at a point $x$ and let $x$ increase. The 2nd derivative tells you about the change in the slope of the tangent line. So if the 2nd derivative is positive, the slope is increasing and so the tangent line is rotating counter-clockwise (as $x$ increases.) Likewise a negative 2nd derivative shows that the tangent line is rotating clockwise.
An inflection point is a point where the tangent line crosses the graph and it's also a point where the rotation changes from clockwise to counter-clockwise, or vv.
So you get a maximum slope exactly when the rotation changes from CCW to CW. Which is exactly that the inflection points.